Triparic Pronouns
Appearance
Sources
Latin and Iberian Peninsula
Latin | Portuguese (Galician) | Spanish (Catalan) | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nom. | Stressed. | Acc. | Dat. | Nom. | Stressed. | Acc. | Dat. | Nom. | Stressed. | Acc. | Dat. | |
I | égo | me/míhi | me | míhi/me | eu | mim (min) | me | me | yo (jo) | mí | me | me |
you (sing.) | tu | te/tíbi | te | tíbi/te | tu | ti | te | te (che) | tú | ti | te | te |
he | ílle | íllum | íllum | ílli/illíus | ele | ele (el) | o | lhe (lle) | él (ell) | él (ell) | lo | le (li) |
she | ílla | íllam | íllam | ílli/illíus | ela | ela | a | lhe (lle) | ella | ella | la | le (li) |
him/herself | - | se/síbi | se | síbi/se | - | si | se | se | - | sí | se | se |
we | nos | nos | nos | nos | nós(/nosoutros) | nós | nos | nos | nosotros(/altres) | nosotros(/altres) | nos | nos |
all of you | vos | vos | vos | vos | vós(/vosoutros) | vós | vos | vos | vosotros(/altres) | vosotros(/altres) | os (vos) | os (vos) |
they | íllos | íllos | íllos | íllis/illórum | eles | eles | os | lhes (lles) | ellos (ells) | ellos (ells) | los | les (lis) |
they (all fem.) | íllas | íllas | íllas | íllis/illárum | elas | elas | as | lhes (lles) | ellas (elles) | ellas (elles) | las (les) | les (lis) |
theselves | - | se/síbi | se | síbi/se | - | si | se | se | - | sí | se | se |
Nom
I | you (sing.) | he | she | we | all of you | they | they (all fem.) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Latin | égo | tu | ílle | ílla | nos | vos | íllos | íllas |
Portuguese | eu | tu | ele | ela | nós | vós | eles | elas |
Galician | eu | ti | ele | ela | nós/nosoutros | vós/vosoutros | eles | elas |
Spanish | yo | tú | él | ella | nosotros | vosotros | ellos | ellas |
Catalan | jo | tu | ell | ella | nosaltres | vosaltres | ells | elles |
Occitan | ieu | tu | el | ela | nosautres | vosautres | eles | elas |
French | je | tu | il | elle | nous | vous | ils | elles |
Rhaeto-Romansh | jau | ti | el | ela | nus | vus | els | elas |
Sardinian | deo | tue | isse | issa | nois | vois | issos | issas |
Italian | io | tu | lui | lei | noi | voi | loro | loro |
Romanian | eu | tu | el | ea | noi | voi | ei | ele |
Stressed prep/acc
me | you (sing.) | him | her | him/herself | us | all of you | them | them (all fem.) | themselves | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Latin | me/míhi | te/tíbi | íllum | íllam | se/síbi | nos | vos | íllos | íllas | se/síbi |
Portuguese | mim | ti | ele | ela | si | nós | vós | eles | elas | si |
Galician | min | ti | el | ela | si | nós | vós | eles | elas | si |
Spanish | mí | ti | él | ella | sí | nosotros | vosotros | ellos | ellas | sí |
Catalan | mi | ti | ell | ella | si | nosaltres | vosaltres | ells | elles | si |
Occitan | ieu | tu | el | ela | se | nosautres | vosautres | eles | elas | se |
French | moi | toi | lui | elle | soi | nous | vous | eux | elles | soi |
Rhaeto-Romansh | mai | tai | el | ella | sai | nus | vus | els | ellas | sai |
Sardinian | a mie | a tie | issu | issa | se | nois | vois | issos | issas | se |
Italian | me | te | lui | lei | se | noi | voi | loro | loro | se |
Romanian | mine | tine | el | ea | sine | noi | voi | ei | ele | sine |
Acc
me | you (sing.) | him | her | himself/herself | us | all of you | them | them (all fem.) | themselves | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Latin | me | te | íllum | íllam | se | nos | vos | íllos | íllas | se |
Portuguese | me | te | o | a | se | nos | vos | os | as | se |
Galician | me | te | o | a | se | nos | vos | os | as | se |
Spanish | me | te | lo | la | se | nos | os | los | las | se |
Catalan | me | te | lo | la | se | nos | vos | los | les | se |
Occitan | me | te | lo | la | se | nos | vos | los | las | se |
French | me | te | le | la | se | nous | vous | les | les | se |
Rhaeto-Romansh | ma | ta | al | la | sa | ans | as | als | las | sa |
Sardinian | mi | ti | lu | la | si | nos | vos | los | las | si |
Italian | mi | ti | lo | la | si | ci | vi | li | le | si |
Romanian | mă | te | îl | o | se | ne | vă | îi | le | se |
Dat
to me | to you (sing.) | to him | to her | to him/herself | to us | to you (pl.) | to them | to them (all fem.) | to themselves | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Latin | míhi/me | tíbi/te | ílli/illíus | ílli/illíus | síbi/se | nos | vos | íllis/illórum | íllis/illárum | síbi/se |
Portuguese | me | te | lhe | lhe | se | nos | vos | lhes | lhes | se |
Galician | me | che | lle | lle | se | nos | vos | lles | lles | se |
Spanish | me | te | le | le | se | nos | os | les | les | se |
Catalan | me | te | li | li | se | nos | vos | lis | lis | se |
Occitan | me | te | li | li | se | nos | vos | lor | lor | se |
French | me | te | lui | lui | se | nous | vous | leur | leur | se |
Rhaeto-Romansh | ma | ta | al | la | sa | ans | as | als | las | sa |
Sardinian | mi | ti | li | li | si | nos | vos | lis | lis | si |
Italian | mi | ti | gli | le | si | ci | vi | loro | loro | si |
Romanian | îmi | îți | îi | îi | își | ne | vă | le | le | își |
Germanic
English | German | Dutch | Afrikaans | Swedish | Danish |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
I | ich | ik ('k) | ek | jag | jeg |
you (sing, inf) | du | jij (je) | jy | du | du |
you (sing, for) | Sie | u | u | ni | De |
he | er | hij (ie) | hy | han | han |
she | sie | zij (ze) | sy | hon | hun |
it (masc / common) | er | hij (ie) | dit | den | den |
it (fem / common) | sie | zij (ze) | dit | den | den |
it (neuter) | es | het ('t) | dit | det | det |
one | man | men | mens | man | man |
we | wir | wij (we) | ons | vi | vi |
you (plur, inf) | ihr | jullie | julle | ni | I |
you (plur, for) | Sie | u | u | Ni | De |
they | sie | zij (ze) | hulle | de (dom) | de |
me | mich | mij (me) | my | mig (mej) | mig |
you (sing, inf) | dich | jou (je) | jou | dig (dej) | dig |
you (sing, for) | Sie | u | u | er | Dem |
him | ihn | hem ('m) | hom | honom | ham |
her | Sie | haar (d'r/'r) | haar | henne | hende |
it | es | het ('t) | dit | den / det | den / det |
us | uns | ons | ons | oss | os |
you (plur, inf) | euch | jullie (je) | julle | er | jer |
you (plur, for) | Sie | u | u | Er | Dem |
them | sie | hen (ze) | hulle | dem (dom) | dem |
me | mir | mij (me) | my | mig (mej) | |
you (sing, inf) | dir | jou (je) | jou | dig (dej) | |
you (sing, for) | Ihnen | u | u | er | |
him | ihm | hem ('m) | hom | honom | |
her | ihr | haar (d'r/'r) | haar | henne | |
it | ihm | het ('t) | dit | den / det | |
us | uns | ons | ons | oss | |
you (plur, inf) | euch | jullie (je) | julle | er | |
you (plur, for) | Ihnen | u | u | er | |
them | ihnen | hun (ze) | hulle | dem (dom) | |
myself | mich / mir | mij (me) | my | mig | |
yourself (sing, inf) | dich / dir | jou (je) | jou | dig | |
yourself (sing, for) | sich | u / zich | u | sig | |
himself / itself | sich | zich | hom | sig | |
herself / itself | sich | zich | haar | sig | |
ourselves | uns | ons | ons | oss | |
yourselves (plur, inf) | euch | jullie (je) | julle | er | |
yourselves (plur, for) | sich | u / zich | u | er | |
themselves | sich | zich | hulle | sig |
Personal Pronouns
Nominative | Objective | Possessive | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
1. Sing. | ego | me | me | |
2. Sing. | ðŏ | ði | ðæ | |
3. Sing. | Masculine | erre | ri | ris |
Feminine | esse | szi | szir | |
Epicene | ex | ex | exes | |
Neuter | id | id | ids | |
1. Plur. | nø | nos | ŏr | |
2. Plur. | vø | vos | vor | |
3. Plur. | eng | enge | engs |
These are all up for debate.
Other Pronouns
The reflexive pronoun is selb, plural selbs. It may be used as nominative, for emphasis, or as objective, for reflexiveness:
Der König Selb ist hir! "The King Himself is here!"
Eng libe selbs plä. "They love themselves most."
The relative pronoun is velk:
Der mensch, velk esse libe, kenne ri. "The man whom she loves knows him."
Der mensch, velk libe schi, kenne ri. "The man who loves her knows him."
These are also up for debate.