Triparic Verbs
Infinitive and Stem
| sagen, "to say" | |
|---|---|
| Stem | sag- |
| tun, "to do" | |
| Stem | tu- |
The infinitive of regular verbs, which is the form used for citation of the verb, ends in -en for most verbs, but -n (with a letter other than e before it). Remove the -(e)n and what is left is the stem.
Simple Tenses
| sagen, "to say" | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Person | Present | Past | Future |
| ego | sag-e | sag-d-e | sag-ir-e |
| ðŏ | sag-est | sag-d-est | sag-ir-est |
| ei | sag-et | sag-d-et | sag-ir-et |
| nø | sag-am | sag-d-am | sag-ir-am |
| vø | sag-asch | sag-d-asch | sag-ir-asch |
| eng | sag-ant | sag-d-ant | sag-ir-ant |
 Note: None of the inflected forms of the verb contain hyphens in actual use. They are used in this table only to clarify how the forms are constructed.
| |||
Present
The present of regular verbs is formed by adding the personal endings directly to the stem.
Future
The future is formed by adding -ir- between the stem and the personal ending.
For stems ending in -r, an -s- is inserted first: ego färsire "I will make".
Past
The past tense is formed by adding -d- between the stem and the personal ending.
For stems ending in a voiceless consonant, the -d- is replaced by -t-: leste, lestest, and so forth.
For stems ending in -d or -t, an -e- is inserted before the past tense -d/t-: ego brødede "I embroidered".
Imperative
| sagen, "to say" | |
|---|---|
| Imperative | sag-e, sag-asch |
The imperative is formed simply by adding -e (singular) or -asch (plural) to the present stem:
Färe! "Make!"
Rigardasch! "(All of you) Look!"
Participles
| sagen, "to say" | |
|---|---|
| Past Participle | ge-sag-et |
| Passive Participle | be-sag-et |
Triparic verbs have two main participles: the past participle, and the passive participle.
The past participle is ge- + the verb stem + -et: geleset, gebrødet.
The passive participle is be- + the verb stem + -et: beleset, bebrødet.
Perfect tenses
The perfect tenses are formed by using the tenses of haben ("to have") with the past participle. The present of haben forms the (present) perfect; the past, the past perfect (pluperfect); and the future, the future perfect.
The past participle in a perfect tense construction is placed at the end of the clause.
| Present Perfect (perfect) | Der mensch hat zu der mädin gescrivet. | The man has written to the girl. |
| Past Perfect (pluperfect) | Der mensch hadet zu der mädin gescrivet. | The man had written to the girl. |
| Future Perfect | Der mensch habret zu der mädin gescrivet. | The man shall have written to the girl. |
Passive Voice
The passive voice is formed by using the tenses of sän ("to be") with the passive participle. The present, past, and future of sän form the simple present, past, and future passive.
For the passive perfect tenses, one uses the tenses of sän with the passive participle of the main verb and the infinitive of haben.
| Present | Der chocolad ist bä der mensch bedeziret. | The chocolate is desired by the man. |
| Past | Der chocolad vat bä der mensch bedeziret. | The chocolate was desired by the man. |
| Future | Der chocolad sert bä der mensch bedeziret. | The chocolate will be desired by the man. |
| Perfect | Der chocolad ist bä der mensch haben bedeziret. | The chocolate has been desired by the man. |
| Pluperfect | Der chocolad vat bä der mensch haben bedeziret. | The chocolate had been desired by the man. |
| Future Perfect | Der chocolad sert bä der mensch haben bedeziret. | The chocolate shall have been desired by the man. |
Subjunctive
| sagen, "to say" | ||
|---|---|---|
| Person | Present Subj. | Perfect Subj. |
| ego | sagðe | haðe gesagt |
| ðŏ | sagðest | haðest gesagt |
| ei | sagðet | haðet gesagt |
| nø | sagðam | haðam gesagt |
| vø | sagðasch | haðasch gesagt |
| eng | sagðant | haðant gesagt |
The subjunctive has only two tenses: a present and a perfect.
Present
The present subjunctive is formed just like the simple past tense, but with -ð- instead of -d-.
Verbs which use -t- to mark their past use -þ- rather than -ð- to mark the subjunctive. Verbs with stems ending in -d or -t add an -e- before the subjunctive marker, just as they do for the past.
Ego lese. "I read."
Ego lesþe. "I may read."
Ego brøde. "I embroider.
Ego brødeðe. "I may embroider."
Perfect
The perfect subjunctive is formed using the present subjunctive of haben (the forms are haðe, haðest, etc.) and the past participle.
Er vadedet. "He went.
Er haðet gevadet. "He may have gone."
Passives
The present subjunctive passive is formed using the present subjunctive of sän (säðe, säðest, etc.) and the passive participle. The perfect subjunctive passive is formed like the present, but with haben added.
| Present | Der chocolad säðet bä der mensch bedeziret. | The chocolate may be desired by the man. |
| Perfect | Der chocolad säðet bä der mensch haben bedeziret. | The chocolate may have been desired by the man. |
Irregular Verbs
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