Triparic Verbs

Infinitive and Present Stem

sagen, "to say"
Stem	sag-
tun, "to do"
Stem	tu-

The infinitive of regular verbs, which is the form used for citation of the verb, ends in -en (or -er??) for most verbs, but -n (with a letter other than e before it) for a few. Remove the -(e)n (r) and what is left is the stem.

Personal Endings

Personal Endings
Person	Singular	Plural
1st	-e	-am
2nd	-est	-asch
1st	-et	-ant

Most inflected verbs are formed by taking a tense stem and adding the personal endings.

Simple Tenses

The present of regular verbs is formed by adding the personal endings directly to the verb stem. The imperfect and future are formed by adding an extra syllable between the verb stem and the ending; -ad- for imperfect, -ar- for future. In the plural forms, the personal ending's -a- fronts to -e-.

sagen "to say"
Person	Stem + ending	Present (tense stem sag-)	Imperfect (tense stem sagad-)	Future (tense stem sagar-)
ego	sag-e	sage	sagade	sagare
ðö	sag-est	sagest	sagadest	sagarest
ex	sag-et	saget	sagadet	sagaret
wîn	sag-am	sagam	sagadem	sagarem
voy	sag-asch	sagasch	sagadesch	sagaresch
enge	sag-ant	sagant	sagadent	sagarent

Subjunctive

The subjunctive is formed by inserting an -i- before the personal ending (in the present) or replacing the -a- of the tense marker syllable with -i- (in past and future).

Note that the plural personal endings of the subjunctive all shift from -a- to -e-, even in the present.

Subjunctive of sagen "to say"
Person	Present	Imperfect	Future
ego	sagie	sagide	sagire
ðö	sagiest	sagidest	sagirest
ex	sagiet	sagidet	sagiret
wîn	sagiem	sagidem	sagirem
voy	sagiesch	sagidesch	sagiresch
enge	sagient	sagident	sagirent

Irregular Verbs

eser, "to be"
Person	Indicative			Subjunctive
	Present	Past	Future	Present	Past	Future
io	sum	ware	sare	sie	wire	sire
ðŏ	yrt	warst	sarst	sist	wirst	sirst
ei	ist	wart	sart	sit	wirt	sirt
noy	sam	warem	sarem	sim	wirem	sirem
voy	sasch	waresch	saresch	sisch	wiresch	siresch
eng	sant	warent	sarent	sint	wirent	sirent

eser is very irregular in the present indicative singular; the plural is regular for a verb whose stem is simply -s. The pasts are irregular in that they have stems in -r- instead of in -d-, but the various persons are regularly formed. The futures are nearly regular for a verb with the stem -s, except for the elision of the -e- of the personal ending in 2S and 3S, which also happens in the pasts.

haben, "to have" Person Indicative Subjunctive Present Past Future Present Past Future io habe hade hare hibe hide hire ðŏ hast hadest harst hist hidest hirst ei hat hadet hart hit hidet hirt noy habam hadem harem hibem hidem hirem voy hasch hadesch haresch hisch hidesch hiresch eng hant hadent harent hint hident hirent	gen, "to go" Person Indicative Subjunctive Present Past Future Present Past Future io ge gange gare gie ginge gire ðŏ gest gangest garst gist gingest girst ei get ganget gart git ganget girt noy gam gangem gadem gim gangem girem voy gasch gangesch gadesch gisch gangesch giresch eng gant gangent gadent gint gangent girent

haben and gen share the pattern with eser that the 2S and 3S futures contract the -e- of the personal ending.

Bits from Classical to review

The imperative of a verb is formed with the suffix -ã: vivã "live!"

The present participle active of a verb is formed with the prefix ge- and the suffix -t: Ego süm gestandet sur ðæ fuß. "I am standing on your foot."

The passive participle is formed with the prefix be- and the suffix -t: Regas sant beschoxet bä mensches. "Laws are chosen by men."

The gerund is formed with the suffix -enty: der scriventy "the writing [process]" but der scrivàt "the writing [that which is written]"

Irregular verbs

				gen, "to go" Person Present Past ego go gwen ðŏ gast gwenst ex gat gwent wîn go gwen voy gasch gwen enge gent gwen

Imperative

sagen, "to say"
Imperative	sag-e, sag-asch

The imperative is formed simply by adding -e (singular) or -asch (plural) to the present stem:

Färe! "Make!"
Rigardasch! "(All of you) Look!"

Participles

sagen, "to say"
Present Participle	sag-ent
Past Participle	ge-sag-et
Passive Participle	be-sag-et

Triparic verbs have three main participles: the present participle, the past participle, and the passive participle.

The present participle is the verb stem + -ent: lesent, brødent.

The past participle is ge- + the verb stem + -et: geleset, gebrødet.

The passive participle is be- + the verb stem + -et: beleset, bebrødet.

Perfect tenses

The perfect tenses are formed by using the tenses of haben ("to have") with the past participle. The present of haben forms the (present) perfect; the past, the past perfect (pluperfect); and the future, the future perfect.

The past participle in a perfect tense construction is placed after the inflected haben.

Present Perfect (perfect)	Der vir hat gescrivet zu der fem.	The man has written to the woman.
Past Perfect (pluperfect)	Der vir hadet gescrivet zu der fem.	The man had written to the woman.
Future Perfect	Der vir habret gescrivet zu der fem.	The man shall have written to the woman.

Passive Voice

The passive voice is formed by using the tenses of sän ("to be") with the passive participle. The present, past, and future of sän form the simple present, past, and future passive.

For the passive perfect tenses, one uses the tenses of haben with the past participle of sän and the passive participle of the main verb.

Present	Der chocolad ist bedeziret bä der vir.	The chocolate is desired by the man.
Past	Der chocolad wart bedeziret bä der vir.	The chocolate was desired by the man.
Future	Der chocolad sert bedeziret bä der vir.	The chocolate will be desired by the man.
Perfect	Der chocolad hat gewaret bedeziret bä der vir.	The chocolate has been desired by the man.
Pluperfect	Der chocolad hadet gewaret bedeziret bä der vir.	The chocolate had been desired by the man.
Future Perfect	Der chocolad habret gewaret bedeziret bä der vir.	The chocolate shall have been desired by the man.

Irregular Verbs

sän, "to be" Person Present Past Future Subjunctive ia son ware sere säðe ðŏ yrt warst serst säðest ei ist wart sert säðet nø sam waram seram säðam vø sasch warasch serasch säðasch eng sant warant serant säðant Imperative sä, säsch Past Participle gewaret Passive Participle no passive form

haben, "to have" Person Present Past Future Subjunctive ia habe hade habre haðe ðŏ hast hadest habrest haðest ei hat hadet habret haðet nø habam hadam habram haðam vø hasch hadasch habrasch haðasch eng hant hadant habrant haðant Imperative habe, habasch Past Participle gehadet Passive Participle behabet

Modal and Catenative Verbs

In addition to the tense auxiliaries, there are verbs known as modal verbs which specify the modality of the main verb: do you want to do the thing? Must you do the thing? Can you?

Additionally, there are verbs which can stand alone, or can be linked with other main verbs to give a more complex meaning. In English, these are called catenative verbs. An example would be I tried to help them. Another would be I plan to go to the concert.

In German, there are six modal verbs which behave slightly differently, grammatically, than other catenative verbs. French, English, and Triparic do not treat their modals differently, but it is still convenient to list the Triparic counterparts of the six German modals, as they are quite commonly used.

English	Triparic	English	Triparic
may, be allowed to	mogen	can, be able to	possen
must, have to	deven	should, ought to	sollen
like to	løken	want to	diziren

The difference between løken and diziren is like in English: one may like to do something but not want to do it at a particular moment, or vice versa, one may want to do something one does not generally like.

Each of these verbs is used by inflecting the modal and placing the infinitive of the main verb after it: Ia løke vaden zu Kalmont. "I like to go to Kalmont." Nø devam laboren hir. "We must work here."

Compound Verbs and Word Order

You could combine modals, the perfect tenses, the passive voice, and catenative verbs to create some very complicated ideas: They had been allowed to try to help him. They were not able to plan to leave before Wednesday.

The rule in Triparic for determining word order in such complex situations is not too difficult to state, once you distinguish between a finite verb (one which takes a personal ending) and a non-finite verb (one which takes no personal ending, that is, an infinitive or participle).

The rule is then:

The finite verb occupies the second place in the clause, followed by all the non-finite verbs in the order of their semantic importance, from least significant to most significant.

Examples

Modal plus chain of infinitives

In the complicated example They had been allowed to try to help him, the order of the clause is determined thus:

1. First, we know that the words will be:
   • eng (they)
   • hadant (had, 3rd person plural)
   • gedurfet (to be allowed, past participle, since we are saying had been allowed, so this is the past perfect tense of durfen)
   • proben (to try)
   • helfen (to help)
   • and erm (him).
2. Next, we identify the finite verb and put it in second place. The finite verb is the one marked for the person, so it is hadasch The sentence is now ... hadant ...
3. Next, we gather up all the other verbs and put them in order of their semantic importance.
   • proben and helfen are linked as a chain, like catenative verbs in English, so they will go together as a pair: proben helfen.
   • gedurfet is the verb that is left, and it is describing the mode (being allowed) of the main activity (trying to help). Therefore it is less important than the main activity, and is placed before it, so that the main activity comes last, at the end of the sentence, where it carries more impact.
4. Therefore the set of all the non-finite verbs, in order, is gedurfet proben helfen. The non-finite verbs come after the finite verb. The sentence is now ... hadant gedurfet proben helfen ...
5. Finally, all that's left are the subject and the direct object, and in a declarative sentence, the subject occupies the slot before the verb, so we can now finish: Eng hadant gedurfet proben helfen erm.

Another way to think through the order is to start with the finite verb and ask questions:

"They had." Had what?
"Had been allowed." Had been allowed what?
"Had been allowed to try." Had been allowed to try what?
"Had been allowed to try to help." Done: hadant gedurfet proben helfen.

Passive perfect tense with a modal

Let's look at another example, a future perfect passive with a modal verb:

The man shall have been allowed to be seen by the king.

1. Our components are der vir (the man), bä der könig (by the king), and the verbs around them. And we know that der vir is the subject, so we know all of the sentence except the second slot (the verbs).
   • Der vir ... bä der könig.
2. We know that the finite verb is going to be 3rd person singular, since the subject of the sentence is the man.
3. Since the sentence is going to be future perfect, the finite verb is, in particular, the 3rd person singular future of haben: habret.
   • Der vir habret ... bä der könig.
4. Now we ask: "The man shall have what?" The immediate answer is "been allowed." That is the past participle of durfen.
   • Der vir habret gedurfet ... bä der könig.
5. "Shall have been allowed what?" The answer is "To be seen". That's the passive voice. So we know the next piece is sän ("to be"), and the final piece must be the passive participle of viden, which is bevidet ("seen").
   • Der vir habret gedurfet sän bevidet bä der könig.