Triparic Pronunciation: Difference between revisions
| Line 247: | Line 247: | ||
|Longer {{ab|e}} | |Longer {{ab|e}} | ||
|Replaced consistently with '''ä''' | |Replaced consistently with '''ä''' | ||
| | |reformed | ||
|- | |- | ||
|'''Î î''' | |'''Î î''' | ||
| Line 255: | Line 255: | ||
|nasal "i" like in French ''fin'' | |nasal "i" like in French ''fin'' | ||
|Replaced with '''i''' in most words; '''å''' in a few | |Replaced with '''i''' in most words; '''å''' in a few | ||
| | |same as reformed; maybe a few more cases of '''å''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|'''Ñ ñ''' | |'''Ñ ñ''' | ||
| Line 263: | Line 263: | ||
|Palatalized "n" like {{ab|ny}} in English ''canyon'' | |Palatalized "n" like {{ab|ny}} in English ''canyon'' | ||
|Very rare. The diacritic was eliminated; where the sound was kept, spelled {{ab|ny}}. | |Very rare. The diacritic was eliminated; where the sound was kept, spelled {{ab|ny}}. | ||
| | |'''gn''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|'''Ö ö''' | |'''Ö ö''' | ||
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|Longer {{ab|e}}, as {{ab|oa}} in English ''boat'' | |Longer {{ab|e}}, as {{ab|oa}} in English ''boat'' | ||
|No significant difference from '''o''', so replaced with that | |No significant difference from '''o''', so replaced with that | ||
| | |reformed | ||
|- | |- | ||
|'''Ü ü''' | |'''Ü ü''' | ||
| Line 310: | Line 310: | ||
| colspan="2" |/y/ | | colspan="2" |/y/ | ||
| colspan="2" |No good English equivalent. Like in German ''müssen''.<br>Like the vowel '''i''' but with rounded lips. | | colspan="2" |No good English equivalent. Like in German ''müssen''.<br>Like the vowel '''i''' but with rounded lips. | ||
| | |same | ||
|- | |- | ||
|'''Û û''' | |'''Û û''' | ||
| Line 319: | Line 319: | ||
but in practice it was more like in French "brun" (/œ̃/) | but in practice it was more like in French "brun" (/œ̃/) | ||
|Approximated with '''ã''', so replaced with that | |Approximated with '''ã''', so replaced with that | ||
| | |reformed | ||
|} | |} | ||
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!Classical Description | !Classical Description | ||
!Reformed Description | !Reformed Description | ||
!Provisional choice | |||
|- | |- | ||
|'''ch''' | |'''ch''' | ||
| Line 345: | Line 346: | ||
|Like in ''Bach''. | |Like in ''Bach''. | ||
|Like in ''champ''. | |Like in ''champ''. | ||
|reformed | |||
|- | |- | ||
|'''dh''' | |'''dh''' | ||
| Line 351: | Line 353: | ||
|Like {{ab|th}} in ''there''. Inconsistently used along with {{ab|ð}} | |Like {{ab|th}} in ''there''. Inconsistently used along with {{ab|ð}} | ||
|Standardized to {{ab|ð}} in reforms | |Standardized to {{ab|ð}} in reforms | ||
|reformed | |||
|- | |||
|'''gn''' | |||
|— | |||
|— | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|Adding for the ''ny'' in ''canyon'' sound (replacing Classical '''ñ'''). | |||
|- | |- | ||
|'''rr''' | |'''rr''' | ||
| Line 357: | Line 367: | ||
|Trilled R. | |Trilled R. | ||
|Eliminated in reforms | |Eliminated in reforms | ||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
|'''sch''' | |'''sch''' | ||
| colspan="2" |/ʃ/ | | colspan="2" |/ʃ/ | ||
| colspan="2" |Like {{ab|sh}} in ''ship''. | | colspan="2" |Like {{ab|sh}} in ''ship''. | ||
|same | |||
|- | |- | ||
|'''ss / ß''' | |'''ss / ß''' | ||
| Line 366: | Line 378: | ||
| colspan="2" |In Classical, the sound /s/ or /s:/ was inconsistently written as {{ab|ss}} or {{ab|ß}}. | | colspan="2" |In Classical, the sound /s/ or /s:/ was inconsistently written as {{ab|ss}} or {{ab|ß}}. | ||
Reforms standardized this to {{ab|ss}} only. | Reforms standardized this to {{ab|ss}} only. | ||
|reformed | |||
|- | |- | ||
|'''th''' | |'''th''' | ||
| Line 372: | Line 385: | ||
|Like {{ab|th}} in ''think''. Inconsistently used along with {{ab|þ}} | |Like {{ab|th}} in ''think''. Inconsistently used along with {{ab|þ}} | ||
|Standardized to {{ab|þ}} in reforms | |Standardized to {{ab|þ}} in reforms | ||
|reformed | |||
|- | |- | ||
|'''tsch''' | |'''tsch''' | ||
| Line 378: | Line 392: | ||
|Like {{ab|ch}} in ''church.'' | |Like {{ab|ch}} in ''church.'' | ||
|Eliminated in reforms | |Eliminated in reforms | ||
|reformed | |||
|- | |- | ||
|'''zh''' | |'''zh''' | ||
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|Non-existent before reforms | |Non-existent before reforms | ||
|Like {{ab|z}} in ''azure''. | |Like {{ab|z}} in ''azure''. | ||
|Replaced throughout with {{ab|j}} which remains /dʒ/ | |||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
Revision as of 19:01, 27 May 2022
The Alphabet
The Triparic alphabet consists of 29 letters: the standard 26-letter English alphabet plus Æ, Ð, and Þ.
| Letter | Name | Classical Sound | Reformed Sound | Classical Description | Reformed Description | Provisional Choice |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A a | ah | /a/ | Like in father. | same | ||
| Æ æ | æsch | /aɪ/ | Like the word aye. | same | ||
| B b | beh | /b/ | Like in ball. | same | ||
| C c | cheh | /c/, /k/, /s/ | /k/ | Like ⟨ch⟩ in church at end of words or before e or i;
like in cell when marked with the cedilla (ç, see below); differently in the multigraphs sch, tsch (see below); elsewhere (before consonants, a, or o) like in cat. |
Like in cap, except in the multigraphs ch and sch (see below).
Never as in cell except when marked with the cedilla (ç); see below. |
as reformed |
| D d | deh | /d/ | Like in dog. | same | ||
| Ð ð | ið | /ð/ | Like ⟨th⟩ in there. | same | ||
| E e | eh | /e/ | Similar to ⟨ay⟩ in may, but less of a diphthong. More like the "pure" ⟨e⟩ in Romance languages. |
same | ||
| F f | if | /f/ | Like in fill. | same | ||
| G g | geh | /g/ | Like in garden. Never as in Gerald. | same | ||
| H h | heh | /h/ | Like in happy. | same | ||
| I i | ih | /j/ or /i/ | When before another vowel, like ⟨y⟩ in yet; otherwise, like in machine. |
same | ||
| J j | jeh | /dʒ/ | Like in jump. Never as in jejeune. | same | ||
| K k | keh | /k/ | Like in kid. | same | ||
| L l | il | /l/ | Like in lamp. | same | ||
| M m | im | /m/ | Like in magic. | same | ||
| N n | in | /n/ | Like in now. | same | ||
| O o | oh | /o/ | Similar to its sound in hope, but less of a diphthong. More like the "pure" ⟨o⟩ in Romance languages. |
same | ||
| P p | peh | /p/ | Like in party. | same | ||
| Q q | quh | /k/ | Like in quick. Note that q stands without a u much more often in Triparic than in English. |
same | ||
| R r | ir | /ɹ/ | Like in red. This is the throaty "r" of American English rather than a trill. |
same | ||
| S s | is | /s/, /z/ | /s/ | As in set except at the ends of words, where it is /z/ like in has, except when doubled (as "ss" or "ß"). | Like in sad. | classical |
| T t | teh | /t/ | Like in top. | same | ||
| Þ þ | þeh | /θ/ | Like ⟨th⟩ in think. | same | ||
| U u | uh | /u/ or /w/ | When before another vowel, like ⟨w⟩ in water; otherwise, like ⟨oo⟩ in goose. |
same | ||
| V v | veh | /v/ | Like in voice. | same | ||
| W w | weh | /w/ | Like in water. | same | ||
| X x | ix | /ks/ | Like in six. | same | ||
| Y y | yeh | /j/ or /i/ | When before another vowel, like in yet; otherwise, like in pretty. |
same | ||
| Z z | zeh | /z/ | Like in zebra. | same | ||
Cite error: <ref> tag with name "c" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
Diacritics
Some letters may be marked with diacritics to produce different sounds. These are not considered separate letters.
| Glyphs | Name | Classical Sound | Reformed Sound | Classical Description | Reformed Description | Provisional Choice |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ä ä | ah-umlŏt | /eɪ/ | Like ⟨a⟩ in rate. | same | ||
| Å å | ah-ring | /æ/ | Like ⟨a⟩ in bath. | same | ||
| Ã ã | ah-tilde | /ə/ | Like ⟨a⟩ in about. | same | ||
| Ç ç | cheh-çedil | /s/ | Like ⟨c⟩ in certain. | same | ||
| Ê ê | (unnamed) | /e:/ | — | Longer ⟨e⟩ | Replaced consistently with ä | reformed |
| Î î | (unnamed) | /ɛ̃/ | — | nasal "i" like in French fin | Replaced with i in most words; å in a few | same as reformed; maybe a few more cases of å |
| Ñ ñ | in-tilde | /ñ/ | — | Palatalized "n" like ⟨ny⟩ in English canyon | Very rare. The diacritic was eliminated; where the sound was kept, spelled ⟨ny⟩. | gn |
| Ö ö | oh-umlŏt | /aʊ/ | /œ/ | Like ⟨ou⟩ in house. | No good English equivalent. Like in German Göttin. An approximation is the ⟨e⟩ in the syllable er. |
Classical |
| Ŏ ŏ | oh-breve | — | /aʊ/ | Not present in Classical Triparik. | Like ⟨ou⟩ in house. | Classical
(i.e. none) |
| Ø ø | oh-schmiss | /œ/ | /ɔɪ/ | No good English equivalent. Like in German Göttin. An approximation is the ⟨e⟩ in the syllable er. |
Like ⟨oy⟩ in boy. | Classical |
| Õ õ | oh-tilde | /ɔɪ/ | Like ⟨oy⟩ in boy. | Not present after reforms. | Classical | |
| Ô ô | (unnamed) | /o:/ | — | Longer ⟨e⟩, as ⟨oa⟩ in English boat | No significant difference from o, so replaced with that | reformed |
| Ü ü | uh-umlŏt | /y/ | No good English equivalent. Like in German müssen. Like the vowel i but with rounded lips. |
same | ||
| Û û | (unnamed) | /õ/, /œ̃/ | — | The website claimed it was like in French "non" (/õ/),
but in practice it was more like in French "brun" (/œ̃/) |
Approximated with ã, so replaced with that | reformed |
Cite error: <ref> tag with name "ä" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
Cite error: <ref> tag with name "ŏ" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
Cite error: <ref> tag with name "ö" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
Cite error: <ref> tag with name "ø" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
Multigraphs
Finally, there are a few cases where a combination of letters is pronounced as a single phoneme.
| Multigraph | Classical Sound | Reformed Sound | Classical Description | Reformed Description | Provisional choice |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ch | /χ/ | /tʃ/ | Like in Bach. | Like in champ. | reformed |
| dh | /ð/ | — | Like ⟨th⟩ in there. Inconsistently used along with ⟨ð⟩ | Standardized to ⟨ð⟩ in reforms | reformed |
| gn | — | — | Adding for the ny in canyon sound (replacing Classical ñ). | ||
| rr | /r/ | — | Trilled R. | Eliminated in reforms | |
| sch | /ʃ/ | Like ⟨sh⟩ in ship. | same | ||
| ss / ß | /s/ | In Classical, the sound /s/ or /s:/ was inconsistently written as ⟨ss⟩ or ⟨ß⟩.
Reforms standardized this to ⟨ss⟩ only. |
reformed | ||
| th | /θ/ | – | Like ⟨th⟩ in think. Inconsistently used along with ⟨þ⟩ | Standardized to ⟨þ⟩ in reforms | reformed |
| tsch | /tʃ/ | — | Like ⟨ch⟩ in church. | Eliminated in reforms | reformed |
| zh | /ʒ/ | Non-existent before reforms | Like ⟨z⟩ in azure. | Replaced throughout with ⟨j⟩ which remains /dʒ/ | |
Key to Phonetics Symbols
Something written in ⟨angle brackets⟩ is one or more graphemes; that is, it represents something written. Something written in /slashes/ is one or more phonemes; that is, it represents the units of sound that speakers break their language down into. These are most properly written in the International Phonetic Alphabet.