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|'''A a'''
|'''A a'''
|ah
|ah
|
| colspan="2" |/a/
|/a/
| colspan="2" |Like in ''father''.
|
|Like in ''father''.
|-
|-
|'''Æ æ'''
|'''Æ æ'''
|æsch
|æsch
|
| colspan="2" |/aɪ/
|/aɪ/
| colspan="2" |Like the word ''aye''.
|
|Like the word ''aye''.
|-
|-
|'''B b'''
|'''B b'''
|beh
|beh
|
| colspan="2" |/b/
|/b/
| colspan="2" |Like in ''ball''.
|
|Like in ''ball''.
|-
|-
|'''C c'''
|'''C c'''
|cheh
|cheh
|
|/c/, /k/, /s/
|/k/
|/k/
|
|Like {{ab|ch}} in ''church'' at end of words or before '''e''' or '''i''';
|Like in ''cap'', except in the multigraphs '''ch''' and '''sch''' (see below).<ref name="c" /> Never as in ''cell'' except when marked with the cedilla ('''ç'''); see below.
 
like in ''cell'' when marked with the cedilla ('''ç,''' see below);
 
differently in the multigraphs '''sch, tsch''' (see below);
 
elsewhere (before consonants, '''a''', or '''o''') like in ''cat''.
|Like in ''cap'', except in the multigraphs '''ch''' and '''sch''' (see below).
Never as in ''cell'' except when marked with the cedilla ('''ç'''); see below.
|-
|-
|'''D d'''
|'''D d'''
|deh
|deh
|
| colspan="2" |/d/
|/d/
| colspan="2" |Like in ''dog''.
|
|Like in ''dog''.
|-
|-
|'''Ð ð'''
|'''Ð ð'''
|ið
|ið
|
| colspan="2" |/ð/
|/ð/
| colspan="2" |Like {{ab|th}} in ''there''.
|
|Like {{ab|th}} in ''there''.
|-
|-
|'''E e'''
|'''E e'''
|eh
|eh
|
| colspan="2" |/e/
|/e/
| colspan="2" |Similar to {{ab|ay}} in ''may'', but less of a diphthong.<br>More like the "pure" {{ab|e}} in Romance languages.
|
|Similar to {{ab|ay}} in ''may'', but less of a diphthong.<br>More like the "pure" {{ab|e}} in Romance languages.
|-
|-
|'''F f'''
|'''F f'''
|if
|if
|
| colspan="2" |/f/
|/f/
| colspan="2" |Like in ''fill''.
|
|Like in ''fill''.
|-
|-
|'''G g'''
|'''G g'''
|geh
|geh
|
| colspan="2" |/g/
|/g/
| colspan="2" |Like in ''garden''.  Never as in ''Gerald''.
|
|Like in ''garden''.  Never as in ''Gerald''.
|-
|-
|'''H h'''
|'''H h'''
|heh
|heh
|
| colspan="2" |/h/
|/h/
| colspan="2" |Like in ''happy''.
|
|Like in ''happy''.
|-
|-
|'''I i'''
|'''I i'''
|ih
|ih
|
| colspan="2" |/j/ or /i/
|/j/ or /i/
| colspan="2" |When before another vowel, like {{ab|y}} in ''yet'';<br>otherwise, like in ''machine''.
|
|When before another vowel, like {{ab|y}} in ''yet'';<br>otherwise, like in ''machine''.
|-
|-
|'''J j'''
|'''J j'''
|jeh
|jeh
|
| colspan="2" |/dʒ/
|/dʒ/
| colspan="2" |Like in ''jump''.  Never as in ''jejeune''.
|
|Like in ''jump''.  Never as in ''jejeune''.
|-
|-
|'''K k'''
|'''K k'''
|keh
|keh
|
| colspan="2" |/k/
|/k/
| colspan="2" |Like in ''kid''.
|
|Like in ''kid''.
|-
|-
|'''L l'''
|'''L l'''
|il
|il
|
| colspan="2" |/l/
|/l/
| colspan="2" |Like in ''lamp''.
|
|Like in ''lamp''.
|-
|-
|'''M m'''
|'''M m'''
|im
|im
|
| colspan="2" |/m/
|/m/
| colspan="2" |Like in ''magic''.
|
|Like in ''magic''.
|-
|-
|'''N n'''
|'''N n'''
|in
|in
|
| colspan="2" |/n/
|/n/
| colspan="2" |Like in ''now''.
|
|Like in ''now''.
|-
|-
|'''O o'''
|'''O o'''
|oh
|oh
|
| colspan="2" |/o/
|/o/
| colspan="2" |Similar to its sound in ''hope'', but less of a diphthong.<br>More like the "pure" {{ab|o}} in Romance languages.
|
|Similar to its sound in ''hope'', but less of a diphthong.<br>More like the "pure" {{ab|o}} in Romance languages.
|-
|-
|'''P p'''
|'''P p'''
|peh
|peh
|
| colspan="2" |/p/
|/p/
| colspan="2" |Like in ''party''.
|
|Like in ''party''.
|-
|-
|'''Q q'''
|'''Q q'''
|quh
|quh
|
| colspan="2" |/k/
|/k/
| colspan="2" |Like in ''quick''.<br>Note that '''q''' stands without a '''u''' much more often in Triparic than in English.
|
|Like in ''quick''.<br>Note that '''q''' stands without a '''u''' much more often in Triparic than in English.
|-
|-
|'''R r'''
|'''R r'''
|ir
|ir
|
| colspan="2" |/ɹ/
|/ɹ/
| colspan="2" |Like in ''red''.<br>This is the throaty "r" of American English rather than a trill.
|
|Like in ''red''.<br>This is the throaty "r" of American English rather than a trill.
|-
|-
|'''S s'''
|'''S s'''
|is
|is
|
|/s/, /z/
|/s/
|/s/
|
|As in ''set'' except at the ends of words, where it is /z/ like in ''has''.
|Like in ''sad''.
|Like in ''sad''.
|-
|-
|'''T t'''
|'''T t'''
|teh
|teh
|
| colspan="2" |/t/
|/t/
| colspan="2" |Like in ''top''.
|
|Like in ''top''.
|-
|-
|'''Þ þ'''
|'''Þ þ'''
|þeh
|þeh
|
| colspan="2" |/θ/
|/θ/
| colspan="2" |Like {{ab|th}} in ''think''.
|
|Like {{ab|th}} in ''think''.
|-
|-
|'''U u'''
|'''U u'''
|uh
|uh
|
| colspan="2" |/u/ or /w/
|/u/ or /w/
| colspan="2" |When before another vowel, like {{ab|w}} in ''water'';<br>otherwise, like {{ab|oo}} in ''goose''.
|
|When before another vowel, like {{ab|w}} in ''water'';<br>otherwise, like {{ab|oo}} in ''goose''.
|-
|-
|'''V v'''
|'''V v'''
|veh
|veh
|
| colspan="2" |/v/
|/v/
| colspan="2" |Like in ''voice''.
|
|Like in ''voice''.
|-
|-
|'''W w'''
|'''W w'''
|weh
|weh
|
| colspan="2" |/w/
|/w/
| colspan="2" |Like in ''water''.
|
|Like in ''water''.
|-
|-
|'''X x'''
|'''X x'''
|ix
|ix
|
| colspan="2" |/ks/
|/ks/
| colspan="2" |Like in ''six''.
|
|Like in ''six''.
|-
|-
|'''Y y'''
|'''Y y'''
|yeh
|yeh
|
| colspan="2" |/j/ or /i/
|/j/ or /i/
| colspan="2" |When before another vowel, like in ''yet'';<br>otherwise, like in ''pretty''.
|
|When before another vowel, like in ''yet'';<br>otherwise, like in ''pretty''.
|-
|-
|'''Z z'''
|'''Z z'''
|zeh
|zeh
|
| colspan="2" |/z/
|/z/
| colspan="2" |Like in ''zebra''.
|
|Like in ''zebra''.
|-
|-
|}
|}
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!style="width:12%;"|Glyphs
!style="width:12%;"|Glyphs
!style="width:12%;"|Name
!style="width:12%;"|Name
!style="width:12%;"|Sound
!Classical
!Approximate English description
Sound
! style="width:12%;" |Reformed
Sound
!Classical
Description
!Reformed
Description
|-
|-
|'''Ä ä'''
|'''Ä ä'''
|ah-umlŏt
|ah-umlŏt
|
|/eɪ/
|/eɪ/
|
|Like {{ab|a}} in ''rate''.<ref name="ä"/>
|Like {{ab|a}} in ''rate''.<ref name="ä"/>
|-
|-
|'''Å å'''
|'''Å å'''
|ah-ring
|ah-ring
|
|/æ/
|/æ/
|
|Like {{ab|a}} in ''bath''.
|Like {{ab|a}} in ''bath''.
|-
|-
|'''Ã ã'''
|'''Ã ã'''
|ah-tilde
|ah-tilde
|
|/ə/
|/ə/
|
|Like {{ab|a}} in ''about''.
|Like {{ab|a}} in ''about''.
|-
|-
|'''Ç ç'''
|'''Ç ç'''
|cheh-çedil
|cheh-çedil
|
|/s/
|/s/
|
|Like {{ab|c}} in ''certain''.
|Like {{ab|c}} in ''certain''.
|-
|-
|'''Ö ö'''
|'''Ö ö'''
|oh-umlŏt
|oh-umlŏt
|
|/œ/
|/œ/
|
|No good English equivalent. Like in German ''Göttin''.<br>An approximation is the {{ab|e}} in the syllable ''er''.<ref name="ö"/>
|No good English equivalent. Like in German ''Göttin''.<br>An approximation is the {{ab|e}} in the syllable ''er''.<ref name="ö"/>
|-
|-
|'''Ŏ ŏ'''
|'''Ŏ ŏ'''
|oh-breve
|oh-breve
|
|/aʊ/
|/aʊ/
|
|Like {{ab|ou}} in ''house''.<ref name="ŏ"/>
|Like {{ab|ou}} in ''house''.<ref name="ŏ"/>
|-
|-
|'''Ø ø'''
|'''Ø ø'''
|oh-schmiss
|oh-schmiss
|
|/ɔɪ/
|/ɔɪ/
|
|Like {{ab|oy}} in ''boy''.<ref name="ø"/>
|Like {{ab|oy}} in ''boy''.<ref name="ø"/>
|-
|-
|'''Ü ü'''
|'''Ü ü'''
|uh-umlŏt
|uh-umlŏt
|
|/y/
|/y/
|
|No good English equivalent. Like in German ''müssen''.<br>Like the vowel '''i''' but with rounded lips.
|No good English equivalent. Like in German ''müssen''.<br>Like the vowel '''i''' but with rounded lips.
|}
|}

Revision as of 14:08, 27 May 2022

The Alphabet

The Triparic alphabet consists of 29 letters: the standard 26-letter English alphabet plus Æ, Ð, and Þ.

Letter Name Classical

Sound

Reformed

Sound

Classical

Description

Reformed

Description

A a ah /a/ Like in father.
Æ æ æsch /aɪ/ Like the word aye.
B b beh /b/ Like in ball.
C c cheh /c/, /k/, /s/ /k/ Like ⟨ch⟩ in church at end of words or before e or i;

like in cell when marked with the cedilla (ç, see below);

differently in the multigraphs sch, tsch (see below);

elsewhere (before consonants, a, or o) like in cat.

Like in cap, except in the multigraphs ch and sch (see below).

Never as in cell except when marked with the cedilla (ç); see below.

D d deh /d/ Like in dog.
Ð ð ið /ð/ Like ⟨th⟩ in there.
E e eh /e/ Similar to ⟨ay⟩ in may, but less of a diphthong.
More like the "pure" ⟨e⟩ in Romance languages.
F f if /f/ Like in fill.
G g geh /g/ Like in garden. Never as in Gerald.
H h heh /h/ Like in happy.
I i ih /j/ or /i/ When before another vowel, like ⟨y⟩ in yet;
otherwise, like in machine.
J j jeh /dʒ/ Like in jump. Never as in jejeune.
K k keh /k/ Like in kid.
L l il /l/ Like in lamp.
M m im /m/ Like in magic.
N n in /n/ Like in now.
O o oh /o/ Similar to its sound in hope, but less of a diphthong.
More like the "pure" ⟨o⟩ in Romance languages.
P p peh /p/ Like in party.
Q q quh /k/ Like in quick.
Note that q stands without a u much more often in Triparic than in English.
R r ir /ɹ/ Like in red.
This is the throaty "r" of American English rather than a trill.
S s is /s/, /z/ /s/ As in set except at the ends of words, where it is /z/ like in has. Like in sad.
T t teh /t/ Like in top.
Þ þ þeh /θ/ Like ⟨th⟩ in think.
U u uh /u/ or /w/ When before another vowel, like ⟨w⟩ in water;
otherwise, like ⟨oo⟩ in goose.
V v veh /v/ Like in voice.
W w weh /w/ Like in water.
X x ix /ks/ Like in six.
Y y yeh /j/ or /i/ When before another vowel, like in yet;
otherwise, like in pretty.
Z z zeh /z/ Like in zebra.


Cite error: <ref> tag with name "c" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.

Diacritics

Some letters may be marked with diacritics to produce different sounds. These are not considered separate letters.

Glyphs Name Classical

Sound

Reformed

Sound

Classical

Description

Reformed

Description

Ä ä ah-umlŏt /eɪ/ Like ⟨a⟩ in rate.[1]
Å å ah-ring /æ/ Like ⟨a⟩ in bath.
à ã ah-tilde /ə/ Like ⟨a⟩ in about.
Ç ç cheh-çedil /s/ Like ⟨c⟩ in certain.
Ö ö oh-umlŏt /œ/ No good English equivalent. Like in German Göttin.
An approximation is the ⟨e⟩ in the syllable er.[2]
Ŏ ŏ oh-breve /aʊ/ Like ⟨ou⟩ in house.[3]
Ø ø oh-schmiss /ɔɪ/ Like ⟨oy⟩ in boy.[4]
Ü ü uh-umlŏt /y/ No good English equivalent. Like in German müssen.
Like the vowel i but with rounded lips.
  1. ↑ This sound was spelled two different ways before the 2016 reform. The other was ê, used in a very few words, the best known being dêm (now däm).
  2. ↑ This sound was spelled ø before the 2016 reform.
  3. ↑ This sound was spelled ö before the 2016 reform.
  4. ↑ This sound was spelled õ before the 2016 reform.

Multigraphs

Finally, there are a few cases where a combination of letters is pronounced as a single phoneme.

Multigraph Sound Approximate English description
ch /tʃ/ Like in champ.
sch /ʃ/ Like ⟨sh⟩ in ship.
zh /ʒ/ Like ⟨z⟩ in azure.

Sounds eliminated in 2016 Reform

Original Sound Replacement
î nasal "i" like in French fin Replaced with i in most words; å in a few
ñ Palatalized "n" like ⟨ny⟩ in English canyon Very rare. Replaced with ny if necessary.
ô as ⟨oa⟩ in English boat No significant difference from o, so replaced with that
û nasal "u" like in French brun No significant difference from ã, so replaced with that

Key to Phonetics Symbols

Something written in ⟨angle brackets⟩ is one or more graphemes; that is, it represents something written. Something written in /slashes/ is one or more phonemes; that is, it represents the units of sound that speakers break their language down into. These are most properly written in the International Phonetic Alphabet.

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