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== The alphabet ==
== The Alphabet ==


The Triparic alphabet, upper and lower case forms, along with the names of the letters, is:
The Triparic alphabet consists of 29 letters: the standard 26-letter English alphabet plus '''Æ, Ð,''' and '''Þ'''.


{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;width:100%;"
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;width:100%;"
!style="width:10%;"|A a
!style="width:12%;"|Letter
!style="width:10%;"|Æ æ
!style="width:12%;"|Name
!style="width:10%;"|B b
!style="width:12%;"|Sound
!style="width:10%;"|C c
!Approximate English description
!style="width:10%;"|D d
!style="width:10%;"|Ð ð
!style="width:10%;"|E e
!style="width:10%;"|F f
!style="width:10%;"|G g
!style="width:10%;"|H h
|-
|-
|'''A a'''
|ah
|ah
|/a/
|Like in ''father''.
|-
|'''Æ æ'''
|æsch
|æsch
|/aɪ/
|Like the word ''aye''.
|-
|'''B b'''
|beh
|beh
|/b/
|Like in ''ball''.
|-
|'''C c'''
|cheh
|cheh
|/k/
|Like in ''cap'', except in the multigraphs<br>'''ch''' and '''sch''' (see below).
|-
|'''D d'''
|deh
|deh
|/d/
|Like in ''dog''.
|-
|'''Ð ð'''
|ið
|ið
|/ð/
|Like {{ab|th}} in ''there''.
|-
|'''E e'''
|eh
|eh
|/e/
|Similar to {{ab|ay}} in ''may'', but less of a diphthong.<br>More like the "pure" {{ab|e}} in Romance languages.
|-
|'''F f'''
|if
|if
|/f/
|Like in ''fill''.
|-
|'''G g'''
|geh
|geh
|/g/
|Like in ''garden''.
|-
|'''H h'''
|heh
|heh
|/h/
|Like in ''happy''.
|-
|-
!I i
|'''I i'''
!J j
|ih
!K k
|/j/ or /i/
!L l
|When before another vowel, a glide like {{ab|y}} in ''yet'';<br>otherwise, a vowel like in ''machine''.
!M m
!N n
!O o
!P p
!Q q
!R r
|-
|-
|ih
|'''J j'''
|jeh
|jeh
|/dʒ/
|Like in ''jump''.
|-
|'''K k'''
|keh
|keh
|/k/
|Like in ''kid''.
|-
|'''L l'''
|il
|il
|/l/
|Like in ''lamp''.
|-
|'''M m'''
|im
|im
|/m/
|Like in ''magic''.
|-
|'''N n'''
|in
|in
|/n/
|Like in ''now''.
|-
|'''O o'''
|oh
|oh
|/o/
|Similar to its sound in ''hope'', but less of a diphthong.<br>More like the "pure" {{ab|o}} in Romance languages.
|-
|'''P p'''
|peh
|peh
|/p/
|Like in ''party''.
|-
|'''Q q'''
|quh
|quh
|/k/
|Like in ''quick''.<br>Note that '''q''' stands without a '''u''' much more often in Triparic than in English.
|-
|'''R r'''
|ir
|ir
|/ɹ/
|Like in ''red''.<br>This is the throaty "r" of American English rather than a trill.
|-
|-
!S s
|'''S s'''
!T t
|is
!Þ þ
|/s/
!U u
|Like in ''sad''.
!V v
!W w
!X x
!Y y
!Z z
!
|-
|-
|is
|'''T t'''
|teh
|teh
|/t/
|Like in ''top''.
|-
|'''Þ þ'''
|þeh
|þeh
|/θ/
|Like {{ab|th} in ''think''.
|-
|'''U u'''
|uh
|uh
|/u/
|Like {{ab|oo}} in ''goose''.
|-
|'''V v'''
|veh
|veh
|/v/
|Like in ''voice''.
|-
|'''W w'''
|weh
|weh
|/w/
|Like in ''water''.
|-
|'''X x'''
|ix
|ix
|/ks/
|Like in ''six''.
|-
|'''Y y'''
|yeh
|yeh
|/j/ or /i/
|When before another vowel, a glide like in ''yet'';<br>otherwise, a vowel like in ''pretty''.
|-
|'''Z z'''
|zeh
|zeh
|
|/z/
|Like in ''zebra''.
|-
|-
|}
|}
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== Diacritics ==
== Diacritics ==


Some letters occur in forms with diacritics.  These are not considered separate letters.
Some letters may be marked with diacritics to produce different sounds.  These are not considered separate letters.


{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;width:100%;"
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;width:100%;"
!style="width:12%;"|å
!style="width:12%;"|Glyphs
!style="width:12%;"|ã
!style="width:12%;"|Name
!style="width:12%;"|ä
!style="width:12%;"|Sound
!style="width:12%;"|ç
!Approximate English description
!style="width:12%;"|ŏ
|-
!style="width:12%;"|ø
|'''Ä ä'''
!style="width:12%;"|ö
|ah-umlŏt
!style="width:12%;"|ü
|/eɪ/
|Like {{ab|a}} in ''rate''.<ref name="ä"/>
|-
|-
|'''Å å'''
|ah-ring
|ah-ring
|/æ/
|Like {{ab|a}} in ''bath''.
|-
|'''Ã ã'''
|ah-tilde
|ah-tilde
|ah-umlŏt
|/ə/
|Like {{ab|a}} in ''about''.
|-
|'''Ç ç'''
|cheh-çedil
|cheh-çedil
|/s/
|Like {{ab|c}} in ''certain''.
|-
|'''Ö ö'''
|oh-umlŏt
|/œ/
|No good English equivalent. Like in German ''Göttin''.<br>An approximation is the {{ab|e}} in the syllable ''er''.<ref name="ö">
|-
|'''Ŏ ŏ'''
|oh-breve
|oh-breve
|/aʊ/
|Like {{ab|ou}} in ''house''.<ref name="ŏ">
|-
|'''Ø ø'''
|oh-schmiss
|oh-schmiss
|oh-umlŏt
|/ɔɪ/
|Like {{ab|oy}} in ''boy''.<ref name="ø">
|-
|'''Ü ü'''
|uh-umlŏt
|uh-umlŏt
|-
|/y/
|No good English equivalent. Like in German ''müssen''.<br>Like the vowel '''i''' but with rounded lips.
|}
|}


== Consonants ==
<references>
<ref name="ä">This sound was spelled two different ways before the 2016 reform.  The other was '''ê''', used in a very few words, the best known being '''dêm''' (now '''däm''').</ref>
<ref name="ŏ">This sound was spelled '''ö''' before the 2016 reform.</ref>
<ref name="ö">This sound was spelled '''ø''' before the 2016 reform.</ref>
<ref name="ø">This sound was spelled '''õ''' before the 2016 reform.</ref>
</references>


{|class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
== Multigraphs ==
|-
!Consonant
!Description
|-
|style="width: 20%;"|b, d, f, h, k, l, m, n, p, t, v, w, z
| All as typically used in English.
|-
| c
| Always /k/, except in the digraphs '''ch''' and '''sch''' (see below).
|-
| ç
| Always /s/.
|-
| ch
| As {{ab|ch}} in English ''church''.
|-
| ð
| As the {{ab|th}} in English ''that''.
|-
|g
| Always hard, like in English ''get''.
|-
|j
| Always the voiced affricate like in English ''jump''.
|-
|q
| Pronounced /k/.  Occurs in words of Romance origin.
|-
|r
| Throaty rather than trilled.  Pronounced like the American English {{ab|r}}.
|-
|s
| Pronounced /s/ in most contexts, except /z/ at the end of words after vowels or voiced consonants.  When doubled, ''ss'' is always pronounced /s/, not /z/.  This is like its behavior in English: consider "has", "kids", "lass".
|-
| sch
| As {{ab|sh}} in English ''shoe''.
|-
| þ
| As the {{ab|th}} in English ''think''.
|-
|x
| As in English ''axe'', except at beginning of words, where it is pronounced as /z/.
|-
|y
| When before a vowel, consonantal as in English, as in ''yet''.
|-
| zh
| As {{ab|z}} in English ''azure''.
|}


== Vowels ==
Finally, there are a few cases where a combination of letters is pronounced as a single phoneme.


{|class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;width:100%;"
|-
!style="width:24%;"|Multigraph
!style="width:20%;"| Vowel
!style="width:12%;"|Sound
!style="width:20%;"| IPA
!Approximate English description
! Description
|-
| a, e, i, o, u
| /a, e, i, o, u/
| As their common pronunciation in Romance languages
|-
|-
| u
|'''ch'''
| /u, w/
|/tʃ/
| When between a velar stop ('''c, k, q, g''') and another vowel, pronounced like '''w'''; otherwise, pronounced like {{ab|oo}} in English ''soon''
|Like in ''champ''.
|-
|-
| y
|'''sch'''
| /i/
|/ʃ/
|When used vocalically, usually at the end of words, pronounced like '''i'''
|Like {{ab|sh}} in ''ship''.
|-
|-
| ä<ref name="ä"/>
|'''zh'''
| /eɪ̯/
|/ʒ/
| as {{ab|a}} in English ''hate''
|Like {{ab|z}} in ''azure''.
|-
|-
| å
| /æ/
| as {{ab|a}} in English ''hat''
|-
| ã
| /ʌ/
| as {{ab|u}} in English ''hut''
|-
| æ
| /aɪ̯/
| as English ''aye''
|-
| ö<ref name="ö"/>
| /œ/
| as in German ''Göttin''
|-
| ø<ref name="ø"/>
| /ɔɪ̯/
| as {{ab|oy}} in English ''boy''
|-
| ŏ<ref name="ŏ"/>
| /aʊ̯/
| as {{ab|ou}} in English ''out''
|-
| ü
| /y/
| as in German ''müssen''
|}
|}
<references>
<ref name="ä">This sound was spelled two different ways before the 2016 reform.  The other was '''ê''', used in a very few words, the best known being '''dêm''' (now '''däm''').</ref>
<ref name="ŏ">This sound was spelled '''ö''' before the 2016 reform.</ref>
<ref name="ö">This sound was spelled '''ø''' before the 2016 reform.</ref>
<ref name="ø">This sound was spelled '''õ''' before the 2016 reform.</ref>
</references>


== Sounds eliminated in 2016 Reform ==
== Sounds eliminated in 2016 Reform ==

Revision as of 21:15, 27 April 2016

The Alphabet

The Triparic alphabet consists of 29 letters: the standard 26-letter English alphabet plus Æ, Ð, and Þ.

Letter Name Sound Approximate English description
A a ah /a/ Like in father.
Æ æ æsch /aɪ/ Like the word aye.
B b beh /b/ Like in ball.
C c cheh /k/ Like in cap, except in the multigraphs
ch and sch (see below).
D d deh /d/ Like in dog.
Ð ð ið /ð/ Like ⟨th⟩ in there.
E e eh /e/ Similar to ⟨ay⟩ in may, but less of a diphthong.
More like the "pure" ⟨e⟩ in Romance languages.
F f if /f/ Like in fill.
G g geh /g/ Like in garden.
H h heh /h/ Like in happy.
I i ih /j/ or /i/ When before another vowel, a glide like ⟨y⟩ in yet;
otherwise, a vowel like in machine.
J j jeh /dʒ/ Like in jump.
K k keh /k/ Like in kid.
L l il /l/ Like in lamp.
M m im /m/ Like in magic.
N n in /n/ Like in now.
O o oh /o/ Similar to its sound in hope, but less of a diphthong.
More like the "pure" ⟨o⟩ in Romance languages.
P p peh /p/ Like in party.
Q q quh /k/ Like in quick.
Note that q stands without a u much more often in Triparic than in English.
R r ir /ɹ/ Like in red.
This is the throaty "r" of American English rather than a trill.
S s is /s/ Like in sad.
T t teh /t/ Like in top.
Þ þ þeh /θ/ th} in think.
U u uh /u/ Like ⟨oo⟩ in goose.
V v veh /v/ Like in voice.
W w weh /w/ Like in water.
X x ix /ks/ Like in six.
Y y yeh /j/ or /i/ When before another vowel, a glide like in yet;
otherwise, a vowel like in pretty.
Z z zeh /z/ Like in zebra.

Diacritics

Some letters may be marked with diacritics to produce different sounds. These are not considered separate letters.

Glyphs Name Sound Approximate English description
Ä ä ah-umlŏt /eɪ/ Like ⟨a⟩ in rate.[1]
Å å ah-ring /æ/ Like ⟨a⟩ in bath.
à ã ah-tilde /ə/ Like ⟨a⟩ in about.
Ç ç cheh-çedil /s/ Like ⟨c⟩ in certain.
Ö ö oh-umlŏt /œ/ No good English equivalent. Like in German Göttin.
An approximation is the ⟨e⟩ in the syllable er.Cite error: Closing </ref> missing for <ref> tag

[2] [3] [4] </references>

Multigraphs

Finally, there are a few cases where a combination of letters is pronounced as a single phoneme.

Multigraph Sound Approximate English description
ch /tʃ/ Like in champ.
sch /ʃ/ Like ⟨sh⟩ in ship.
zh /ʒ/ Like ⟨z⟩ in azure.

Sounds eliminated in 2016 Reform

Original Sound Replacement
î nasal "i" like in French fin Replaced with i in most words; å in a few
ñ Palatalized "n" like ⟨ny⟩ in English canyon Very rare. Replaced with ny if necessary.
ô as ⟨oa⟩ in English boat No significant difference from o, so replaced with that
û nasal "u" like in French brun No significant difference from ã, so replaced with that

Key to Phonetics Symbols

Something written in ⟨angle brackets⟩ is one or more graphemes; that is, it represents something written. Something written in /slashes/ is one or more phonemes; that is, it represents the units of sound that speakers break their language down into. These are most properly written in the International Phonetic Alphabet.

  1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named ä
  2. ↑ This sound was spelled ö before the 2016 reform.
  3. ↑ This sound was spelled ø before the 2016 reform.
  4. ↑ This sound was spelled õ before the 2016 reform.
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