Triparic Verbs

Infinitive and Stem

sagen, "to say"
Stem	sag-
tun, "to do"
Stem	tu-

The infinitive of regular verbs, which is the form used for citation of the verb, ends in -en for most verbs, but -n (with a letter other than e before it). Remove the -(e)n and what is left is the stem.

Simple Tenses

sagen, "to say"
Person	Present	Past	Future
ego	sag-e	sag-d-e	sag-ir-e
ðŏ	sag-est	sag-d-est	sag-ir-est
ei	sag-et	sag-d-et	sag-ir-et
nø	sag-am	sag-d-am	sag-ir-am
vø	sag-asch	sag-d-asch	sag-ir-asch
eng	sag-ant	sag-d-ant	sag-ir-ant
Note: None of the inflected forms of the verb contain hyphens in actual use. They are used in this table only to clarify how the forms are constructed.

Present

The present of regular verbs is formed by adding the personal endings directly to the stem.

Future

The future is formed by adding -ir- between the stem and the personal ending.

For stems ending in -r, an -s- is inserted first: ego färsire "I will make".

Past

The past tense is formed by adding -d- between the stem and the personal ending.

For stems ending in a voiceless consonant, the -d- is replaced by -t-: leste, lestest, and so forth.

For stems ending in -d or -t, an -e- is inserted before the past tense -d/t-: ego brødede "I embroidered".

Imperative

sagen, "to say"
Imperative	sag-e, sag-asch

The imperative is formed simply by adding -e (singular) or -asch (plural) to the present stem:

Färe! "Make!"
Rigardasch! "(All of you) Look!"

Participles

sagen, "to say"
Past Participle	ge-sag-et
Passive Participle	be-sag-et

Triparic verbs have two main participles: the past participle, and the passive participle.

The past participle is ge- + the verb stem + -et: geleset, gebrødet.

The passive participle is be- + the verb stem + -et: beleset, bebrødet.

Perfect tenses

The perfect tenses are formed by using the tenses of haben ("to have") with the past participle. The present of haben forms the (present) perfect; the past, the past perfect (pluperfect); and the future, the future perfect.

The past participle in a perfect tense construction is placed at the end of the clause.

Present Perfect (perfect)	Der mensch hat zu der mädin gescrivet.	The man has written to the girl.
Past Perfect (pluperfect)	Der mensch hadet zu der mädin gescrivet.	The man had written to the girl.
Future Perfect	Der mensch habret zu der mädin gescrivet.	The man shall have written to the girl.

Passive Voice

The passive voice is formed by using the tenses of sän ("to be") with the passive participle. The present, past, and future of sän form the simple present, past, and future passive.

For the passive perfect tenses, one uses the tenses of sän with the passive participle of the main verb and the infinitive of haben.

Present	Der chocolad ist bä der mensch bedeziret.	The chocolate is desired by the man.
Past	Der chocolad vat bä der mensch bedeziret.	The chocolate was desired by the man.
Future	Der chocolad sert bä der mensch bedeziret.	The chocolate will be desired by the man.
Perfect	Der chocolad ist bä der mensch haben bedeziret.	The chocolate has been desired by the man.
Pluperfect	Der chocolad vat bä der mensch haben bedeziret.	The chocolate had been desired by the man.
Future Perfect	Der chocolad sert bä der mensch haben bedeziret.	The chocolate shall have been desired by the man.

Subjunctive

sagen, "to say"
Person	Present Subj.	Perfect Subj.
ego	sagðe	haðe gesagt
ðŏ	sagðest	haðest gesagt
ei	sagðet	haðet gesagt
nø	sagðam	haðam gesagt
vø	sagðasch	haðasch gesagt
eng	sagðant	haðant gesagt

The subjunctive has only two tenses: a present and a perfect.

Present

The present subjunctive is formed just like the simple past tense, but with -ð- instead of -d-.

Verbs which use -t- to mark their past use -þ- rather than -ð- to mark the subjunctive. Verbs with stems ending in -d or -t add an -e- before the subjunctive marker, just as they do for the past.

Ego lese. "I read."
Ego lesþe. "I may read."

Ego brøde. "I embroider.
Ego brødeðe. "I may embroider."

Perfect

The perfect subjunctive is formed using the present subjunctive of haben (the forms are haðe, haðest, etc.) and the past participle.

Er vadedet. "He went.
Er haðet gevadet. "He may have gone."

Passives

The present subjunctive passive is formed using the present subjunctive of sän (säðe, säðest, etc.) and the passive participle. The perfect subjunctive passive is formed like the present, but with haben added.

Present	Der chocolad säðet bä der mensch bedeziret.	The chocolate may be desired by the man.
Perfect	Der chocolad säðet bä der mensch haben bedeziret.	The chocolate may have been desired by the man.

Irregular Verbs

sän, "to be" Person Present Past Future Subjunctive ego son var sere säðe ðŏ yrt vast serst säðest ei ist vat sert säðet nø sam vam seram säðam vø sasch vasch serasch säðasch eng sant vant serant säðant Imperative sä, säsch Past Participle gevat Passive Participle no passive form

haben, "to have" Person Present Past Future Subjunctive ego habe hade habre haðe ðŏ hast hadest habrest haðest ei hat hadet habret haðet nø habam hadam habram haðam vø hasch hadasch habrasch haðasch eng hant hadant habrant haðant Imperative habe, habasch Past Participle gehadet Passive Participle behabet