Triparic Verbs

Infinitive and Stem

The infinitive of regular verbs, which is the form used for citation of the verb, ends in -en. Remove the -en and what is left is the stem.

Example: The infinitive meaning "to say" is sagen. Its stem is sag-.

Simple Tenses and Subjunctive

sagen, "to say"
Person	Present	Past	Future	Subjunctive
ego	sag-e	sag-d-e	sag-ir-e	sag-ð-e
ðŏ	sag-est	sag-d-est	sag-ir-est	sag-ð-est
ei	sag-et	sag-d-et	sag-ir-et	sag-ð-et
nø	sag-am	sag-d-am	sag-ir-am	sag-ð-am
vø	sag-asch	sag-d-asch	sag-ir-asch	sag-ð-asch
eng	sag-ant	sag-d-ant	sag-ir-ant	sag-ð-ant
Past Participle			ge-sag-et
Passive Participle			be-sag-et

Present

The present of regular Triparic verbs is formed by adding the personal endings directly to the stem.

Future

The future tense is formed by adding -ir- between the stem and the personal ending.

For stems ending in -r, an -s- is inserted first: ego färsire "I will make".

Past

The past tense is formed by adding -d- between the stem and the personal ending.

For stems ending in a voiceless consonant, the -d- is replaced by -t-: leste, lestest, and so forth.

For stems ending in -d or -t, an -e- is inserted before the past tense -d/t-: ego brødede "I embroidered".

Subjunctive

The subjunctive is formed as the past, but with -ð- instead of -d- (or -þ- instead of -t-).

Participles

Triparic verbs have two main participles: the past participle, and the passive participle.

The past participle is ge- + the verb stem + -et: geleset, gebrødet.

The passive participle is be- + the verb stem + -et: beleset, bebrødet.

Perfect tenses

The perfect tenses are formed by using the tenses of haben with the past participle. The present of haben forms the (present) perfect; the past, the past or pluperfect; and the future, the future perfect.

The past participle in a perfect tense construction is placed at the end of the sentence.

Der mensch habet zu der mädin gescrivet.

Passive Voice

The passive voice is formed by using the tenses of sän with the passive participle. The present, past, and future of sän form the simple present, past, and future passive.

For the passive perfect tenses, one uses the tenses of sän with the passive participle of the main verb and the infinitive of haben.

Present	Der chocolad ist bä der mensch bedeziret.	"The chocolate is desired by the man."
Past	Der chocolad vat bä der mensch bedeziret.	"The chocolate was desired by the man."
Future	Der chocolad sert bä der mensch bedeziret.	"The chocolate will be desired by the man."
Perfect	Der chocolad ist bä der mensch haben bedeziret.	"The chocolate has been desired by the man."
Pluperfect	Der chocolad vat bä der mensch haben bedeziret.	"The chocolate had been desired by the man."
Future Perfect	Der chocolad sert bä der mensch haben bedeziret.	"The chocolate shall have been desired by the man."

Imperative Mood

The imperative is formed simply by adding -e (singular) or -asch (plural) to the present stem:

Färe! "Make!" Rigardasch! "(All of you) Look!"

Irregular Verbs

sän, "to be" Person Present Past Future Subjunctive ego son var sere säðe ðŏ yrt vast serst säðest ei ist vat sert säðet nø sam vam seram säðam vø sasch vasch serasch säðasch eng sant vant serant säðant Past Participle gevat Passive Participle no passive form

haben, "to have" Person Present Past Future Subjunctive ego habe hade habre haðe ðŏ hast hadest habrest haðest ei hat hadet habret haðet nø habam hadam habram haðam vø hasch hadasch habrasch haðasch eng hant hadant habrant haðant Past Participle gehadet Passive Participle behabet