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Triparic Pronouns: Difference between revisions

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== Summary of 3S pronouns ==
The languages are in three broad groups: Romance, Cased Germanic, Oblique Germanic.  The Germanic representatives are those which distinguish accusative and dative (German, Luxembourgish) and those which have a single oblique case (English, Dutch, Afrikaans, Swedish, Danish, Plautdietsch).  In the two which distinguish, the ''dative'' versions rather than the accusatives are the ones which more closely match the oblique relatives.
There's an outlier or two in each group, but here's the big patterns:
'''He (masc nom):''' Romance '''il, el''', Germanic '''hV(n)'''.<br>
(One outlier here is of note, German itself, which is '''er'''.  Even Luxembourgish fits the bigger pattern.)
'''She (fem nom):''' Romance '''ela''', Germanic '''SV''' (where S is one of the sibilants s, z, sh).
'''Him (masc acc):''' Romance '''lV, V(l)'''.  Cased Germanic '''Vn''' (front vowels), ''differing'' from the nominatives.
'''Her (fem acc):''' Romance '''la'''.  Cased Germanic '''si''', ''matching'' the nominatives, contrasting with the masculines.
'''Him (masc oblique/dative):''' Oblique Germanic '''hVm''', Romance '''lV''' (front vowels).
'''Her (fem oblique/dative):''' Oblique Germanic '''hVr''', Romance '''lV''' (front vowels).
Only two of the selected Romance languages distinguish ''gender'' in the dative, so call those outliers.
The differences between Romance nominative and stressed versions, in 3S, are insignificant, so we can ignore the stressed series.
== Sources ==
=== Latin and Iberian Peninsula ===
{| class="wikitable"
!
! colspan="4" | Latin
!
! colspan="4" | Portuguese (Galician)
!
! colspan="4" | Spanish (Catalan)
|-
!
! Nom.
! Stressed.
! Acc.
! Dat.
!
! Nom.
! Stressed.
! Acc.
! Dat.
!
! Nom.
! Stressed.
! Acc.
! Dat.
|-
| I
| égo
| me/míhi
| me
| míhi/me
|
| eu
| mim (min)
| me
| me
|
| yo (jo)
| mí
| me
| me
|-
| you (sing.)
| tu
| te/tíbi
| te
| tíbi/te
|
| tu
| ti
| te
| te (che)
|
| tú
| ti
| te
| te
|-
| he
| ílle
| íllum
| íllum
| ílli/illíus
|
| ele
| ele (el)
| o
| lhe (lle)
|
| él (ell)
| él (ell)
| lo
| le (li)
|-
| she
| ílla
| íllam
| íllam
| ílli/illíus
|
| ela
| ela
| a
| lhe (lle)
|
| ella
| ella
| la
| le (li)
|-
| him/herself
| -
| se/síbi
| se
| síbi/se
|
| -
| si
| se
| se
|
| -
| sí
| se
| se
|-
| we
| nos
| nos
| nos
| nos
|
| nós<br>(nosoutros)
| nós
| nos
| nos
|
| nosotros<br>(nosaltres)
| nosotros<br>(nosaltres)
| nos
| nos
|-
| all of you
| vos
| vos
| vos
| vos
|
| vós<br>(vosoutros)
| vós
| vos
| vos
|
| vosotros<br>(vosaltres)
| vosotros<br>(vosaltres)
| os (vos)
| os (vos)
|-
| they
| íllos
| íllos
| íllos
| íllis<br>/illórum
|
| eles
| eles
| os
| lhes (lles)
|
| ellos (ells)
| ellos (ells)
| los
| les (lis)
|-
| they (all fem.)
| íllas
| íllas
| íllas
| íllis<br>/illárum
|
| elas
| elas
| as
| lhes (lles)
|
| ellas (elles)
| ellas (elles)
| las (les)
| les (lis)
|-
| theselves
| -
| se/síbi
| se
| síbi/se
|
| -
| si
| se
| se
|
| -
| sí
| se
| se
|}
=== Occitan, French, Rhaeto-Romance ===
{| class="wikitable"
!
! colspan="4" | Occitan
!
! colspan="4" | French
!
! colspan="4" | Rhaeto-Romansh
|-
!
! Nom
! Stressed
! Acc
! Dat
!
! Nom
! Stressed
! Acc
! Dat
!
! Nom
! Stressed
! Acc
! Dat
|-
| I
| ieu
| ieu
| me
| me
|
| je
| moi
| me
| me
|
| jau
| mai
| ma
| ma
|-
| you (sing.)
| tu
| tu
| te
| te
|
| tu
| toi
| te
| te
|
| ti
| tai
| ta
| ta
|-
| he
| el
| el
| lo
| li
|
| il
| lui
| le
| lui
|
| el
| el
| al
| al
|-
| she
| ela
| ela
| la
| li
|
| elle
| elle
| la
| lui
|
| ela
| ella
| la
| la
|-
| him/herself
| -
| se
| se
| se
|
| -
| soi
| se
| se
|
| -
| sai
| sa
| sa
|-
| we
| nosautres
| nosautres
| nos
| nos
|
| nous
| nous
| nous
| nous
|
| nus
| nus
| ans
| ans
|-
| all of you
| vosautres
| vosautres
| vos
| vos
|
| vous
| vous
| vous
| vous
|
| vus
| vus
| as
| as
|-
| they
| eles
| eles
| los
| lor
|
| ils
| eux
| les
| leur
|
| els
| els
| als
| als
|-
| they (all fem.)
| elas
| elas
| las
| lor
|
| elles
| elles
| les
| leur
|
| elas
| ellas
| las
| las
|-
| theselves
| -
| se
| se
| se
|
| -
| soi
| se
| se
|
| -
| sai
| sa
| sa
|}
=== Sardinian, Italian, Romanian ===
{| class="wikitable"
!
! colspan="4" | Sardinian
!
! colspan="4" | Italian
!
! colspan="4" | Romanian
|-
!
! Nom
! Stressed
! Acc
! Dat
!
! Nom
! Stressed
! Acc
! Dat
!
! Nom
! Stressed
! Acc
! Dat
|-
| I
| deo
| a mie
| mi
| mi
|
| io
| me
| mi
| mi
|
| eu
| mine
| mă
| îmi
|-
| you (sing.)
| tue
| a tie
| ti
| ti
|
| tu
| te
| ti
| ti
|
| tu
| tine
| te
| îți
|-
| he
| isse
| issu
| lu
| li
|
| lui
| lui
| lo
| gli
|
| el
| el
| îl
| îi
|-
| she
| issa
| issa
| la
| li
|
| lei
| lei
| la
| le
|
| ea
| ea
| o
| îi
|-
| him/herself
| -
| se
| si
| si
|
| -
| se
| si
| si
|
| -
| sine
| se
| își
|-
| we
| nois
| nois
| nos
| nos
|
| noi
| noi
| ci
| ci
|
| noi
| noi
| ne
| ne
|-
| all of you
| vois
| vois
| vos
| vos
|
| voi
| voi
| vi
| vi
|
| voi
| voi
| vă
| vă
|-
| they
| issos
| issos
| los
| lis
|
| loro
| loro
| li
| loro
|
| ei
| ei
| îi
| le
|-
| they (all fem.)
| issas
| issas
| las
| lis
|
| loro
| loro
| le
| loro
|
| ele
| ele
| le
| le
|-
| themselves
| -
| se
| si
| si
|
| -
| se
| si
| si
|
| -
| sine
| se
| își
|}
=== German, Dutch, Afrikaans ===
{| class="wikitable"
!
! colspan="4" | German
!
! colspan="3" | Dutch
!
! colspan="3" | Afrikaans
|-
!
! Nom
! Acc
! Dat
! Reflexive
!
! Nom
! Oblique
! Ref
!
! Nom
! Oblique
! Ref
|-
| I
| ich
| mich
| mir
| mich / mir
|
| ik ('k)
| mij (me)
| mij (me)
|
| ek
| my
| my
|-
| you (sing, inf)
| du
| dich
| dir
| dich / dir
|
| jij (je)
| jou (je)
| jou (je)
|
| jy
| jou
| jou
|-
| you (sing, for)
| Sie
| Sie
| Ihnen
| sich
|
| u
| u
| u / zich
|
| u
| u
| u
|-
| he
| er
| ihn
| ihm
| sich
|
| hij (ie)
| hem ('m)
| zich
|
| hy
| hom
| hom
|-
| she
| sie
| sie
| ihr
| sich
|
| zij (ze)
| haar (d'r/'r)
| zich
|
| sy
| haar
| haar
|-
| it (masc / common)
| er
| es
| ihm
| -
|
| hij (ie)
| het ('t)
| -
|
| dit
| dit
| -
|-
| it (fem / common)
| sie
| -
| -
| -
|
| zij (ze)
| -
| -
|
| dit
| -
| -
|-
| it (neuter)
| es
| -
| -
| -
|
| het ('t)
| -
| -
|
| dit
| -
| -
|-
| one
| man
| -
| -
| -
|
| men
| -
| -
|
| mens
| -
| -
|-
| we
| wir
| uns
| uns
| uns
|
| wij (we)
| ons
| ons
|
| ons
| ons
| ons
|-
| you (plur, inf)
| ihr
| euch
| euch
| euch
|
| jullie
| jullie (je)
| jullie (je)
|
| julle
| julle
| julle
|-
| you (plur, for)
| Sie
| Sie
| Ihnen
| sich
|
| u
| u
| u / zich
|
| u
| u
| u
|-
| they
| sie
| sie
| ihnen
| sich
|
| zij (ze)
| hen (ze)
| zich
|
| hulle
| hulle
| hulle
|}
=== Swedish, Danish, Luxembourgish ===
{| class="wikitable"
!
! colspan="3" | Swedish
!
! colspan="3" | Danish
!
! colspan="4" | Luxembourgish
|-
!
! Nom
! Oblique
! Ref
!
! Nom
! Obl
! Ref
!
! Nom
! Acc
! Dat
! Ref
|-
| I
| jag
| mig (mej)
| mig
|
| jeg
| mig
| mig
|
| ech
| mech
| mir
| mech
|-
| you (sing, inf)
| du
| dig (dej)
| dig
|
| du
| dig
| dig
|
| du
| dech
| dir
| dech
|-
| you (sing, for)
| ni
| er
| sig
|
| De
| Dem
| -
|
| Dir
| Iech
| Iech
| Iech
|-
| he
| han
| honom
| sig
|
| han
| ham
| sig
|
| hien
| en
| him
| sech
|-
| she
| hon
| henne
| sig
|
| hun
| hende
| sig
|
| si
| si
| hir
| sech
|-
| it (masc / common)
| den
| den / det
| -
|
| den
| den / det
| sig
|
| -
| -
| -
| -
|-
| it (fem / common)
| den
| -
| -
|
| den
| -
| -
|
| -
| -
| -
| -
|-
| it (neuter)
| det
| -
| -
|
| det
| -
| -
|
| et
| et
| him
| sech
|-
| one
| man
| -
| -
|
| man
| -
| -
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| we
| vi
| oss
| oss
|
| vi
| os
| os
|
| mir
| eis
| eis
| eis
|-
| you (plur, inf)
| ni
| er
| er
|
| I
| jer
| jer
|
| dir
| iech
| iech
| iech
|-
| you (plur, for)
| Ni
| Er
| er
|
| De
| Dem
| -
|
| -
| -
| -
| -
|-
| they
| de (dom)
| dem (dom)
| sig
|
| de
| dem
| sig
|
| si
| si
| hinnen
| sech
|}
=== Plautdietsch ===
Spoken by Mennonite communities in Canada and Latin America.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!
! colspan="5" | '''Singular'''
! colspan="3" | '''Plural'''
|-
!Person
! 1st
! 2d
! 3d masc
! 3d fem
! 3d nt
! 1st
! 2d
! 3d
|-
| Nominative
| ekj
| du
| hee
| see
| rowspan="2" | daut (et)
| wie
| jie
| dee, see
|-
| Oblique
| rowspan="2" | mie
| rowspan="2" | die
| am
| ar (äa)
| rowspan="2" | ons
| rowspan="2" | junt (ju)
| an (äant)
|-
| Reflexive
| colspan="3" | sikj
| sikj
|-
|}
== Personal Pronouns ==
{|class="wikitable"
|-
|colspan="2"|
! Nominative
! Objective
! Possessive
|-
!colspan="2"|1. Sing.
|ego
|me
|me
|-
!colspan="2"|2. Sing.
|ðŏ
|ði
|ðæ
|-
!rowspan="4"|3. Sing.
! Masculine
|erre
|ri
|ris
|-
! Feminine
|esse
|szi
|szir
|-
! Epicene
|ex
|ex
|exes
|-
! Neuter
|id
|id
|ids
|-
!colspan="2"|1. Plur.
|nø
|nos
|ŏr
|-
!colspan="2"|2. Plur.
|vø
|vos
|vor
|-
!colspan="2"|3. Plur.
|eng
|enge
|engs
|-
|}
''These are all up for debate.''


== Other Pronouns ==
== Other Pronouns ==

Revision as of 18:41, 6 April 2016

New Proposal

Nominative Objective Possessive
1. Sing. ego me me
2. Sing. ðŏ ði ðæ
3. Sing. Masculine er erm ers
Feminine el elm els
Epicene ei eim eis
Neuter id id ids
1. Plur. nø nos ŏr
2. Plur. vø vos vor
3. Plur. eng eng engs

Other Pronouns

The reflexive pronoun is selb, plural selbs. It may be used as nominative, for emphasis, or as objective, for reflexiveness:

Der König Selb ist hir! "The King Himself is here!"
Eng libe selbs plä. "They love themselves most."

The relative pronoun is velk:

Der mensch, velk esse libe, kenne ri. "The man whom she loves knows him."
Der mensch, velk libe schi, kenne ri. "The man who loves her knows him."

These are also up for debate.

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