Triparic Word Order: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 18:12, 26 April 2016

Basic Sentence Structure

The structure of a simple declarative sentence (a statement rather than a question) is:

(SUBJECT) (FINITE VERB) [(NON-FINITE VERBS)] [(OBJECT AND MODIFIERS)]

The finite verb is the verb component which takes the personal ending. The non-finite verbs are other verbs (participles and infinitives) which convey meaning.

The object is the person or thing on which the verb acts. Modifiers are things like adverbs or prepositional phrases saying when, where, how, why, or for whom the action happened.

A particular sentence may not have any non-finite verbs, or any objects or modifiers; it could be as simple as Schann ðenket ("Shawn thinks").

Compound Verbs

In addition to the tense auxiliaries, there are specialized verbs known as modal verbs which specify the modality of the main verb: do you want to do the thing? Must you do the thing? Can you?

Additionally, there are verbs which can stand alone, or can be linked with other main verbs to give a more complex meaning. In English, these are called catenative verbs. An example would be I tried to help them. Another would be I plan to go to the concert.

And you could combine modals, the perfect tenses, the passive voice, and catenative verbs to create some very complicated ideas: They had been allowed to try to help him. They had not been able to plan to leave before Wednesday.

A challenge is to determine the correct order in which to state the non-finite verbs in a sentence. The way to think through the order is to start with the finite verb and ask questions, one by one:

"They had." Had what?
"Had been allowed." Had been allowed what?
"Had been allowed to try." Had been allowed to try what?
"Had been allowed to try to help."

Once you have worked out this order, you can put the non-finite verbs after the finite verb in that order.

Eng hadant gedurfet proben helfen erm. "They had been allowed to try to help him."

Negatives

The negator nac, when negating the verb, should go before the verb chain: Eng nac hadant gedurfet proben helfen erm. "They had not been allowed to try to help him."

When negating an adjective or adverb, it should precede that word. Der vir ist nac ben. Der pådd ist nac gross. "The man is not well. The house is not large."

Order of Adjectives

When multiple adjectives modify a noun, there is a correct ordering, essentially the same as the English order. It is:

Quantity (forty-five, none, some)
Value/Opinion/Description (good, thin, expensive)
Size (large, tiny)
Temperature (hot, cold, mild)
Age (old, new, 14-year-old)
Geometric Shape (round, triangular)
Color
Origin (Triparic, Talossan, German, French Revolutionary)
Material (glass, wooden)

dri gut klæn nov circolic rod discs "three good small new circular red discs"

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-== Compound Verbs and Word Order ==
+== Basic Sentence Structure ==
-In addition to the tense auxiliaries, there are specialized verbs known as ''modal'' verbs which specify the modality of the main verb: do you ''want'' to do the thing?  ''Must'' you do the thing? ''Can'' you?
+The structure of a simple declarative sentence (a statement rather than a question) is:
-Additionally, there are verbs which can stand alone, or can be linked with other main verbs to give a more complex meaning.  In English, these are called ''catenative'' verbs.  An example would be ''I '''tried to help''' them.''  Another would be ''I '''plan to go''' to the concert.''
+(SUBJECT) (FINITE VERB)  [(NON-FINITE VERBS)] [(OBJECT AND MODIFIERS)]
-And you could combine modals, the perfect tenses, the passive voice, and catenative verbs to create some very complicated ideas: ''They had been allowed to try to help him.  They were not able to plan to leave before Wednesday.''
+The ''finite'' verb is the verb component which takes the personal ending.  The ''non-finite'' verbs are other verbs (participles and infinitives) which convey meaning.
-The rule in Triparic for determining word order in such complex situations is not too difficult to state, once you distinguish between a ''finite'' verb (one which takes a personal ending) and a ''non-finite'' verb (one which takes no personal ending, that is, an infinitive or participle).
+The ''object'' is the person or thing on which the verb acts. ''Modifiers'' are things like adverbs or prepositional phrases saying when, where, how, why, or for whom the action happened.
-The rule is then:
+A particular sentence may not have any non-finite verbs, or any objects or modifiers; it could be as simple as '''Schann ðenket''' ("Shawn thinks").
-<blockquote>
+== Compound Verbs ==
-The finite verb occupies the second place in the clause.  All the non-finite verbs are gathered at the end of the clause in the order of their semantic importance, from least significant to most significant.
-</blockquote>
-== Examples ==
+{{main|Triparic Verbs}}
-=== Modal plus chain of infinitives ===
+In addition to the tense auxiliaries, there are specialized verbs known as ''modal'' verbs which specify the modality of the main verb: do you ''want'' to do the thing?  ''Must'' you do the thing? ''Can'' you?
-In the complicated example ''They had been allowed to try to help him,'' the order of the clause is determined thus:
+Additionally, there are verbs which can stand alone, or can be linked with other main verbs to give a more complex meaning.  In English, these are called ''catenative'' verbs.  An example would be ''I '''tried to help''' them.''  Another would be ''I '''plan to go''' to the concert.''
-# First, we know that the words will be:
+And you could combine modals, the perfect tenses, the passive voice, and catenative verbs to create some very complicated ideas: ''They had been allowed to try to help him.  They had not been able to plan to leave before Wednesday.''
-#* '''eng''' (they)
-#* '''hadasch''' (had, 3rd person plural)
-#* '''gedurfet''' (to be allowed, past participle, since we are saying ''had been allowed'', so this is the past perfect tense of '''durfen''')
-#* '''proben''' (to try)
-#* '''helfen''' (to help)
-#* and '''erm''' (him).
-# Next, we identify the finite verb and put it in second place.  The finite verb is the one marked for the person, so it is '''hadasch'''  The sentence is now '''... hadasch ...'''
-# Next, we gather up all the other verbs and put them in order of their semantic importance.
-#* '''proben''' and '''helfen''' are linked as a chain, like catenative verbs in English, so they will go together as a pair: '''proben helfen'''.
-#* '''gedurfet''' is the verb that is left, and it is describing the mode (being allowed) of the main activity (trying to help).  Therefore it is less important than the main activity, and is placed before it, so that the main activity comes last, at the end of the sentence, where it carries more impact.
-# Therefore the set of all the non-finite verbs, in order, is '''gedurfet proben helfen'''.  The sentence is now ''' ... hadasch ... gedurfet proben helfen.'''
-# Finally, all that's left are the subject and the direct object, and in a declarative sentence, the subject occupies the slot before the verb, so we can now finish: '''Eng hadasch erm gedurfet proben helfen.'''
-Another way to think through the order is to start with the finite verb and ask questions:
+A challenge is to determine the correct order in which to state the non-finite verbs in a sentence.  The way to think through the order is to start with the finite verb and ask questions, one by one:
 "They ''had.''" Had ''what?''<br>
 "Had ''been allowed.''" Had been allowed ''what?''<br>
 "Had been allowed ''to try.''" Had been allowed to try ''what?''<br>
-"Had been allowed to try ''to help.''"  Done: '''hadasch ... gedurfet proben helfen.'''
+"Had been allowed to try ''to help.''"
+Once you have worked out this order, you can put the non-finite verbs after the finite verb in that order.
+'''Eng hadant gedurfet proben helfen erm.''' "They had been allowed to try to help him."
+== Negatives ==
+The negator '''nac''', when negating the verb, should go before the verb chain: '''Eng nac hadant gedurfet proben helfen erm.''' "They had not been allowed to try to help him."
+When negating an adjective or adverb, it should precede that word. '''Der vir ist nac ben. Der pådd ist nac gross.''' "The man is not well.  The house is not large."
-=== Passive perfect tense with a modal ===
+== Order of Adjectives ==
-Let's look at another example, a future perfect passive with a modal verb:
+When multiple adjectives modify a noun, there is a correct ordering, essentially the same as the English order.  It is:
-''The man shall have been allowed to be seen by the king.''
+# Quantity (forty-five, none, some)
+# Value/Opinion/Description (good, thin, expensive)
+# Size (large, tiny)
+# Temperature (hot, cold, mild)
+# Age (old, new, 14-year-old)
+# Geometric Shape (round, triangular)
+# Color
+# Origin (Triparic, Talossan, German, French Revolutionary)
+# Material (glass, wooden)
-# Our components are '''der mensch''' (the man), '''bä der könig''' (by the king), and the verbs around them.  And we know that '''der mensch''' is the subject, so we know all of the sentence except the second slot (the finite verb) and the end (all the other verbs).
+'''dri gut klæn nov circolic rod discs''' "three good small new circular red discs"
-#* '''Der mensch ... bä der könig ...'''
-# We know that the finite verb is going to be 3rd person singular, since the subject of the sentence is ''the man''.
-# Since the sentence is going to be future perfect, the finite verb is, in particular, the 3rd person singular future of '''haben: habret.'''
-#* '''Der mensch habret bä der könig ...'''
-# Now we ask: "The man shall have ''what?''" The immediate answer is "been allowed."  That is the past participle of '''durfen.'''
-#* '''Der mensch habret bä der könig gedurfet ...'''
-# "Shall have been allowed ''what?''" The answer is "To be seen".  That's the passive voice.  So we know the next piece is '''sän''' ("to be"), and the final piece must be the passive participle of '''viden''', which is '''bevidet''' ("seen").
-#* '''Der mensch habret bä der könig gedurfet sän bevidet.'''
 [[Category:Triparic language]]