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== Nouns ==
== Nouns ==
As in English, but unlike in German and most if not all Romance languages, nouns have no grammatical gender in Triparic.
Nouns form their plurals in '''-s''' (or '''-es''' if the singular ends in '''s, j, x, z, ch,''' or '''sch'''): '''fems''' "women", '''tasses''' "glasses, tumblers", '''mensches''' "men".
Possession is expressed in two ways.  First, it may be formed with a prepositional phrase, using the preposition '''o''' "of": '''der cän o der mensch''' "the dog of the man". Or it may be formed by adding '''-'z''' to the possessor in apposition to the thing possessed: '''der mensch'z cän''' "the man's dog".


Nouns form their plurals in '''-s''' (or '''-es''' if the singular ends in '''s, z, x,''' or '''sch'''): '''mädins''' "young women", '''mensches''' "men".
However, when a genitive phrase is compounded, the apostrophe is dropped: '''königzjønt''' "kingdom".


Possession is expressed in two ways.  First, it may be formed with a prepositional phrase, using the preposition '''o''' "of": '''der cän o der mensch''' "the dog of the man". Or it may be formed by using the plural form of the possessor in apposition to the thing possessed: '''der mensches cän''' "the man's dog".
== Adjectives ==


As in English, but unlike in German and most if not all Romance languages, nouns have no grammatical gender in Triparic.
Unlike in English, adjectives agree with their nouns in number.  The plural of adjectives is formed with '''-(e)s''' exactly as for nouns: '''duväd miaŏ''' "black cat";  '''duväds miaŏs''' "black cats".
 
Adjectives usually precede the nouns they modify: '''gute morgan''' "good morning", '''alta rol''' "high office". But they may be placed afterwards poetically, so long as ambiguities are not created thereby: '''tempos conects''' "contiguous times".


== Articles ==
=== Articles ===


There are three different types of articles used with Triparic nouns: definite, indefinite, and negative.  These are akin to "the", "a(n)", "some", and "no(ne)" in English.
There are three different types of articles used with Triparic nouns: definite, indefinite, and negative.  These are akin to "the", "a(n)", "some", and "no(ne)" in English.


The definite articles are '''der''' (singular) and '''des''' (plural): '''der mensch''' "the man", '''des mädins''' "the girls".
The definite articles are '''der''' (singular) and '''les''' (plural): '''der mensch''' "the man", '''les däms''' "the women".
 
The indefinite article, used with singular nouns only, is simply the word for the number "one", '''æn''': '''æn mensch''' "a man". 
 
The negative article is '''ni''', and is used with mass nouns and countable nouns alike to indicate a lack of something: '''Io habe ni aqua.''' "I have no water."  '''Er habet ni cäns.'''  "He has no dogs." 
 
=== Numerals ===
{{main|Triparic Numerals}}


The indefinite article, used with singular nouns only, is simply the word for the number "one", '''æn.''': '''æn mensch''' "a man".
The numerals in Triparic work very similarly to those in English, German, and other European languages.  The cardinal numerals do not inflect for plural agreement with nouns, being (other than "one") inherently plural. Ordinal and other types of numeric adjectives usually do: '''les dwasts mensches venen''', "the second men to come".


The negative article is '''ni''', and is used with mass nouns and countable nouns alike to indicate a lack of something: '''Ego habe ni aqua.''' "I have no water."  '''Er habet ni cäns.'''  "He has no dogs."
== Pronouns ==


== Adjectives ==
=== Personal Pronouns ===
{| class="wikitable"
|- ! rowspan="2" |Case
! rowspan="2" | 1. Sing.
! rowspan="2" |2. Sing.
! colspan="4" |3. Sing.
! rowspan="2" |1. Plur.
! rowspan="2" |2. Plur.
! rowspan="2" |3. Plur.
! rowspan="2" |Reflexive/
Emphatic
|-
!Masc.
!Fem.
!Epicene
! Neuter
|-
!Nominative
|io
|ðö
|er
|el
|ei
|id
|noy
|voy
|eng
|selb
|-
!Objective
|mi
|ði
|ir
|il
|in
|id
|nis
| vis
|eng
|selb
|-
!Possessive
| miz
|ðæ
|irz
| ilz
|inz
| idz
|ör
|vor
|engz
|selbz
|}
== Classical ==
 
=== Adjectives ===
 
Most adjectives form their comparatives and superlatives with the adverbs '''ply''' "more" and '''plä''' "most": '''ply alta''' "higher"; '''plä lange''' "longest". However, "good" is irregular:
 
{| class="wikitable"
! style="width:10em;" | Positive
! style="width:10em;" | Comparative
! style="width:10em;" | Superlative
|-
| '''gute''' "good"
| '''besser''' "better"
| '''lemieu''' "best"
|}
 
=== Adverbs ===
There are many different adverbs.  Some words are "simple" adverbs, not derived from another word, like '''nac''' "not", '''ply''' "more", and so forth.
 
A large class of adverbs is derived from adjectives by adding the suffix '''-lic (or is it -lik?)''' (removing a final vowel first, if any): '''altlic''' "highly", '''grosslic''' "largely".
 
Two adjectives have irregular adverbial counterparts: '''ben''' "well", matching '''gut''' "good"; and '''pesch''' "badly, poorly", matching '''arg''' "bad".
 
=== Pronouns ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! width="25%" |Person
! width="25%" |Nominative
! width="25%" |Objective
! width="25%" |Possessive
|-
!1sing.
|io
|mi
|miz
|-
!2sing.
|ðö
|ði
|ðæ
|-
!3sing. M.
|er
|ir
|irz
|-
!3sing. F.
|el
|il
|ilz
|-
!3sing. Ep.
|ei
|in
|inz
|-
!3sing. N.
|id
|id
|idz
|-
!1plur.
|noy
|nis
|ör
|-
!2plur.
|voy
|vis
|vor
|-
!3plur.
|eng
|eng
|engz
|-
!Indefinite
|—
|—
|—
|-
!Reflexive/
Emphatic
|selb
(emphatic only)
|selb
|selbz
|}
 
=== Epicene and Neuter ===
 
English and many other European languages lack a separate epicene pronoun.  The epicene pronouns should be used when the gender of a singular person is not known, undefined, irrelevant, or if the person prefers to be referred to by non-gendered pronouns.  The gendered pronouns are appropriate for referring to a person (definite or indefinite) of known and preferred gender.
 
The same principles for epicene vs. gendered pronouns may be applied to animals as preferred by the speaker, although it is acceptable to refer to animals with the neuter pronouns (although the owners of pets may take exception).
 
The neuter pronouns are acceptable for non-living things or non-animal life, or for parts thereof.  A man's or woman's lung is an "it".  A man's or woman's ''body'' is an "it" (and when speaking of the dead, this particular distinction can get prickly).
 
=== Demonstratives (Correlatives) ===
 
{{main|Triparic Correlatives}}
 
Like most European languages, Triparic has numerous words for interrogatives, demonstratives, and qualifiers like "this", "how much", "when", "someone", and so forth.  These are organized into a [[Triparic Correlatives|table of correlatives]], following the Esperanto model, although like natural languages, Triparic's table is not as regular as Esperanto's.
 
=== Verbs ===
 
{{main|Triparic Verbs}}
 
Triparic verbs are conjugated to indicate the following categories:
 
* grammatical mood (indicative, subjunctive, imperative, infinitive, participle)
* tenses, both in time (past, present, future) and aspect (perfective or imperfective)
* voice (active or passive)
* person (1st, 2nd, or 3rd) and number (singular or plural) of the subject
 
The inflections of person and number are only used in the finite moods (indicative, subjunctive, and imperative).  The infinitive and participle moods do not inflect person and number, although they are often used in compound constructions with other verbs which themselves ''are'' in the finite moods.
 
The perfective aspect is formed by compounding the auxiliary verb '''haben''' "to have" with the past participle of the main verb.  Similarly, the passive voice is formed by compounding the auxiliary verb '''sän''' "to be" with the passive participle of the main verb.
 
=== Other Parts of Speech ===
{{main|Triparic Prepositions}}
 
Interjections, prepositions, and conjunctions generally function as they do in English and other European languages.  Noteworthy exceptions will be listed or linked here.
 
{{TriparicStub}}


Unlike in English, adjectives agree with their nouns in number.  The plural of adjectives is formed with '''-(e)s''' exactly as for nouns: '''duväd miaŏ''' "black cat"; '''duväds miaŏs''' "black cats".
== Proposed Revisions from a while back ==


Adjectives usually precede the nouns they modify: '''gut morgen''' "good morning", '''alta rol''' "high office". But they may be placed afterwards poetically, so long as ambiguities are not created thereby: '''tempos conects''' "contiguous times".
=== Adjectives ===


Most adjectives form their comparatives and superlatives with the adverbs '''ply''' "more" and '''plä''' "most": '''ply alta''' "higher"; '''plä lang''' "longest". However, two adjectives ("big" and "small") have irregular superlative forms, while two others ("good" and "bad") have irregular comparative as well as superlative forms:
Two adjectives ("big" and "small") have irregular superlative forms, while two others ("good" and "bad") have irregular comparative as well as superlative forms:


{|class="wikitable"
{|class="wikitable"
! Positive
!style="width:10em;"| Positive
! Comparative
!style="width:10em;"| Comparative
! Superlative
!style="width:10em;"| Superlative
|-
|-
| '''gut''' "good"
| '''gut''' "good"
Line 49: Line 238:
|}
|}


== Numerals ==
=== Adverbs ===
 
There are many different adverbs.  Some words are "simple" adverbs, not derived from another word, like '''nac''' "not", '''ply''' "more", and so forth.


{{main|Triparic Numerals}}
A large class of adverbs is derived from adjectives by adding the suffix '''-lic''' (removing a final vowel first, if any): '''altlic''' "highly", '''grosslic''' "largely".
 
Two adjectives have irregular adverbial counterparts: '''ben''' "well", matching '''gut''' "good"; and '''pesch''' "badly, poorly", matching '''arg''' "bad".


The numerals in Triparic work very similarly to those in English, German, and other European languages.  The cardinal numerals do not inflect for plural agreement with nouns, being (other than "one") inherently plural.  Ordinal and other types of numeric adjectives usually do: '''des dwasts mensches venen''', "the second men to come".
=== Numerals ===


== Pronouns ==
{{main|Triparic Numerals}}


The personal pronouns are as follows:
The numerals in Triparic work very similarly to those in English, German, and other European languages.  The cardinal numerals do not inflect for plural agreement with nouns, being (other than "one") inherently plural.  Ordinal and other types of numeric adjectives usually do: '''des dwasts virs venen''', "the second men to come".


{|class="wikitable"
=== Personal Pronouns and Possessive Adjectives ===
|-
!rowspan="2"|Case
!rowspan="2"|1. Sing.
!rowspan="2"|2. Sing.
!colspan="4"|3. Sing.
!rowspan="2"|1. Plur.
!rowspan="2"|2. Plur.
!rowspan="2"|3. Plur.
!rowspan="2"|Reflexive/<br>Emphatic
|-
! Masc.
! Fem.
! Epicene
! Neuter
|-
! Nominative
| ego
| ðŏ
| er
| el
| ei
| id
| nø
| vø
| eng
| selb
|-
! Objective
| me
| ði
| erm
| elm
| eim
| id
| nos
| vos
| eng
| selb
|-
! Possessive
| me
| ðæ
| ers
| els
| eis
| ids
| ŏr
| vor
| engs
| selbs
|}


As indicated in the table, the pronoun '''selb(s)''' has two uses. It is used in the accusative or possessive, in all persons, as the ''reflexive'' pronoun, when the object or possessor is the same as the subject of the sentence:
The personal pronouns and possessive adjectives are (see combined table above).


'''Eng libant selb plä.''' "They love themselves most."<br>
The possessive adjectives may be used without nouns like English ''mine, yours, ours'', etc.: '''Id ist mes.''' "It is mine."
'''Er libet selbs cän.''' "He loves his (own) dog."<br>
''as opposed to'' '''Er libet ers cän.''' "He loves his (probably someone else's) dog."<br>
'''Ego helfte selb.''' "I helped myself."


It may also be used in the nominative, adjacent to the subject in word order, to intensify the subject.
=== Epicene and Neuter ===


'''Der könig selb ist hir!''' "The king himself is here!"<br>
English and many other European languages lack a separate epicene pronoun.  The epicene pronouns should be used when the gender of a singular person is not known, undefined, irrelevant, or if the person prefers to be referred to by non-gendered pronouns. The gendered pronouns are appropriate for referring to a person (definite or indefinite) of known and preferred gender.
'''Ego selb helfire ði.''' "I myself will help you."


== Relative and Reciprocal Pronouns ==
The same principles for epicene vs. gendered pronouns may be applied to animals as preferred by the speaker, although it is acceptable to refer to animals with the neuter pronouns (although the owners of pets may take exception).


The relative pronoun is '''velk'''.  It is used as the first word of a relative clause.  '''Der mensch, velk el libet, kenne erm.''' "The man whom she loves knows him." '''Der mensch, velk libet elm, kenne erm.''' "The man who loves her knows him."
The neuter pronouns are acceptable for non-living things or non-animal life, or for parts thereof.  A man's or woman's lung is an "it".  A man's or woman's ''body'' is an "it" (and when speaking of the dead, this particular distinction can get prickly).


The reciprocal pronoun "each other, one another" is '''ænander.''' '''Vi ego habe vor gelibet, libe ænander.''' "As I have loved you, love one another."
=== Indefinite ===


== Demonstratives (Correlatives) ==
The indefinite pronoun '''ænei''' is used when describing an indefinite, abstract subject, as in English when saying "One should ..." or the like: '''Ænei nac simplic ambet en zu Mordor.''' "One does not simply walk into Mordor."


{{main|Triparic Correlatives}}
=== Reflexive and Intensive ===


Like most European languages, Triparic has numerous words for interrogatives, demonstratives, and qualifiers like "this", "how much", "when", "someone", and so forth.  These are organized into a [[Triparic Correlatives|table of correlatives]], following the Esperanto model, although like natural languages, Triparic's table is not as regular as Esperanto's.
As indicated in the table, the pronoun '''selb(s)''' has two uses.  It is used in the accusative or possessive, in all persons, as the ''reflexive'' pronoun, when the object or possessor is the same as the subject of the sentence:


== Verbs ==
'''Eng libant selb plä.''' "They love themselves most."<br>
'''Er libet selbs cän.''' "He loves his (own) dog."<br>
''as opposed to'' '''Er libet ers cän.''' "He loves his (probably someone else's) dog."<br>
'''Ia helfte selb.''' "I helped myself."


{{main|Triparic Verbs}}
It may also be used in the nominative, adjacent to the subject in word order, to intensify the subject.


Triparic verbs are conjugated to indicate the following categories:
'''Der könig selb ist hir!''' "The king himself is here!"<br>
'''Ia selb helfire ði.''' "I myself will help you."


* grammatical mood (indicative, subjunctive, imperative, infinitive, participle)
=== Other Pronouns ===
* tenses, both in time (past, present, future) and aspect (perfective or imperfective)
* voice (active or passive)
* person (1st, 2nd, or 3rd) and number (singular or plural) of the subject


The inflections of person and number are only used in the finite moods (indicative, subjunctive, and imperative).  The infinitive and participle moods do not inflect person and number, although they are often used in compound constructions with other verbs which themselves ''are'' in the finite moods.
=== Relative ===


In the indicative mood, verbs have forms reflecting all three times, in both aspects. In the subjunctive mood, they have only the present time, in both aspects; the perfective representing possibilities which have passed or finished.
The relative pronoun is '''velk'''.  It is used as the first word of a relative clause.  '''Der vir, velk el libet, kenne erm.''' "The man whom she loves knows him." '''Der vir, velk libet elm, kenne erm.''' "The man who loves her knows him."


The perfective aspect is formed by compounding the auxiliary verb '''haben''' "to have" with the past participle of the main verb.  Similarly, the passive voice is formed by compounding the auxiliary verb '''sän''' "to be" with the passive participle of the main verb.
=== Reciprocal ===


== Other Parts of Speech ==
The reciprocal pronoun "each other, one another" is '''ænander.''' '''Vi ia habe vos gelibet, libe ænander.''' "As I have loved you, love one another."


Interjections, prepositions, and conjunctions generally function as they do in English and other European languages.  Noteworthy exceptions will be listed or linked here.


{{TriparicStub}}


[[Category:Triparic language]]
[[Category:Triparic language]]

Latest revision as of 18:39, 30 May 2022

This is an overview of the grammar of the Triparic language.

Nouns

As in English, but unlike in German and most if not all Romance languages, nouns have no grammatical gender in Triparic.

Nouns form their plurals in -s (or -es if the singular ends in s, j, x, z, ch, or sch): fems "women", tasses "glasses, tumblers", mensches "men".

Possession is expressed in two ways. First, it may be formed with a prepositional phrase, using the preposition o "of": der cän o der mensch "the dog of the man". Or it may be formed by adding -'z to the possessor in apposition to the thing possessed: der mensch'z cän "the man's dog".

However, when a genitive phrase is compounded, the apostrophe is dropped: königzjønt "kingdom".

Adjectives

Unlike in English, adjectives agree with their nouns in number. The plural of adjectives is formed with -(e)s exactly as for nouns: duväd miaŏ "black cat"; duväds miaŏs "black cats".

Adjectives usually precede the nouns they modify: gute morgan "good morning", alta rol "high office". But they may be placed afterwards poetically, so long as ambiguities are not created thereby: tempos conects "contiguous times".

Articles

There are three different types of articles used with Triparic nouns: definite, indefinite, and negative. These are akin to "the", "a(n)", "some", and "no(ne)" in English.

The definite articles are der (singular) and les (plural): der mensch "the man", les däms "the women".

The indefinite article, used with singular nouns only, is simply the word for the number "one", æn: æn mensch "a man".

The negative article is ni, and is used with mass nouns and countable nouns alike to indicate a lack of something: Io habe ni aqua. "I have no water." Er habet ni cäns. "He has no dogs."

Numerals

Main article: Triparic Numerals

The numerals in Triparic work very similarly to those in English, German, and other European languages. The cardinal numerals do not inflect for plural agreement with nouns, being (other than "one") inherently plural. Ordinal and other types of numeric adjectives usually do: les dwasts mensches venen, "the second men to come".

Pronouns

Personal Pronouns

1. Sing. 2. Sing. 3. Sing. 1. Plur. 2. Plur. 3. Plur. Reflexive/

Emphatic

Masc. Fem. Epicene Neuter
Nominative io ðö er el ei id noy voy eng selb
Objective mi ði ir il in id nis vis eng selb
Possessive miz ðæ irz ilz inz idz ör vor engz selbz

Classical

Adjectives

Most adjectives form their comparatives and superlatives with the adverbs ply "more" and plä "most": ply alta "higher"; plä lange "longest". However, "good" is irregular:

Positive Comparative Superlative
gute "good" besser "better" lemieu "best"

Adverbs

There are many different adverbs. Some words are "simple" adverbs, not derived from another word, like nac "not", ply "more", and so forth.

A large class of adverbs is derived from adjectives by adding the suffix -lic (or is it -lik?) (removing a final vowel first, if any): altlic "highly", grosslic "largely".

Two adjectives have irregular adverbial counterparts: ben "well", matching gut "good"; and pesch "badly, poorly", matching arg "bad".

Pronouns

Person Nominative Objective Possessive
1sing. io mi miz
2sing. ðö ði ðæ
3sing. M. er ir irz
3sing. F. el il ilz
3sing. Ep. ei in inz
3sing. N. id id idz
1plur. noy nis ör
2plur. voy vis vor
3plur. eng eng engz
Indefinite — — —
Reflexive/

Emphatic

selb

(emphatic only)

selb selbz

Epicene and Neuter

English and many other European languages lack a separate epicene pronoun. The epicene pronouns should be used when the gender of a singular person is not known, undefined, irrelevant, or if the person prefers to be referred to by non-gendered pronouns. The gendered pronouns are appropriate for referring to a person (definite or indefinite) of known and preferred gender.

The same principles for epicene vs. gendered pronouns may be applied to animals as preferred by the speaker, although it is acceptable to refer to animals with the neuter pronouns (although the owners of pets may take exception).

The neuter pronouns are acceptable for non-living things or non-animal life, or for parts thereof. A man's or woman's lung is an "it". A man's or woman's body is an "it" (and when speaking of the dead, this particular distinction can get prickly).

Demonstratives (Correlatives)

Main article: Triparic Correlatives

Like most European languages, Triparic has numerous words for interrogatives, demonstratives, and qualifiers like "this", "how much", "when", "someone", and so forth. These are organized into a table of correlatives, following the Esperanto model, although like natural languages, Triparic's table is not as regular as Esperanto's.

Verbs

Main article: Triparic Verbs

Triparic verbs are conjugated to indicate the following categories:

  • grammatical mood (indicative, subjunctive, imperative, infinitive, participle)
  • tenses, both in time (past, present, future) and aspect (perfective or imperfective)
  • voice (active or passive)
  • person (1st, 2nd, or 3rd) and number (singular or plural) of the subject

The inflections of person and number are only used in the finite moods (indicative, subjunctive, and imperative). The infinitive and participle moods do not inflect person and number, although they are often used in compound constructions with other verbs which themselves are in the finite moods.

The perfective aspect is formed by compounding the auxiliary verb haben "to have" with the past participle of the main verb. Similarly, the passive voice is formed by compounding the auxiliary verb sän "to be" with the passive participle of the main verb.

Other Parts of Speech

Main article: Triparic Prepositions

Interjections, prepositions, and conjunctions generally function as they do in English and other European languages. Noteworthy exceptions will be listed or linked here.


This article related to the Triparic language is a stub. Help us out by expanding it.

Proposed Revisions from a while back

Adjectives

Two adjectives ("big" and "small") have irregular superlative forms, while two others ("good" and "bad") have irregular comparative as well as superlative forms:

Positive Comparative Superlative
gut "good" besser "better" optima "best"
arg "bad" verser "worse" pessima "worst"
gross "big" ply grosse "bigger" maxima "biggest"
klæn "small" ply klæne "smaller" minima "smallest"

Adverbs

There are many different adverbs. Some words are "simple" adverbs, not derived from another word, like nac "not", ply "more", and so forth.

A large class of adverbs is derived from adjectives by adding the suffix -lic (removing a final vowel first, if any): altlic "highly", grosslic "largely".

Two adjectives have irregular adverbial counterparts: ben "well", matching gut "good"; and pesch "badly, poorly", matching arg "bad".

Numerals

Main article: Triparic Numerals

The numerals in Triparic work very similarly to those in English, German, and other European languages. The cardinal numerals do not inflect for plural agreement with nouns, being (other than "one") inherently plural. Ordinal and other types of numeric adjectives usually do: des dwasts virs venen, "the second men to come".

Personal Pronouns and Possessive Adjectives

The personal pronouns and possessive adjectives are (see combined table above).

The possessive adjectives may be used without nouns like English mine, yours, ours, etc.: Id ist mes. "It is mine."

Epicene and Neuter

English and many other European languages lack a separate epicene pronoun. The epicene pronouns should be used when the gender of a singular person is not known, undefined, irrelevant, or if the person prefers to be referred to by non-gendered pronouns. The gendered pronouns are appropriate for referring to a person (definite or indefinite) of known and preferred gender.

The same principles for epicene vs. gendered pronouns may be applied to animals as preferred by the speaker, although it is acceptable to refer to animals with the neuter pronouns (although the owners of pets may take exception).

The neuter pronouns are acceptable for non-living things or non-animal life, or for parts thereof. A man's or woman's lung is an "it". A man's or woman's body is an "it" (and when speaking of the dead, this particular distinction can get prickly).

Indefinite

The indefinite pronoun ænei is used when describing an indefinite, abstract subject, as in English when saying "One should ..." or the like: Ænei nac simplic ambet en zu Mordor. "One does not simply walk into Mordor."

Reflexive and Intensive

As indicated in the table, the pronoun selb(s) has two uses. It is used in the accusative or possessive, in all persons, as the reflexive pronoun, when the object or possessor is the same as the subject of the sentence:

Eng libant selb plä. "They love themselves most."
Er libet selbs cän. "He loves his (own) dog."
as opposed to Er libet ers cän. "He loves his (probably someone else's) dog."
Ia helfte selb. "I helped myself."

It may also be used in the nominative, adjacent to the subject in word order, to intensify the subject.

Der könig selb ist hir! "The king himself is here!"
Ia selb helfire ði. "I myself will help you."

Other Pronouns

Relative

The relative pronoun is velk. It is used as the first word of a relative clause. Der vir, velk el libet, kenne erm. "The man whom she loves knows him." Der vir, velk libet elm, kenne erm. "The man who loves her knows him."

Reciprocal

The reciprocal pronoun "each other, one another" is ænander. Vi ia habe vos gelibet, libe ænander. "As I have loved you, love one another."

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