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== Noun-forming affixes ==
Affixes are categorized according to the part of speech they produce.


=== From Verbs ===
== Noun-forming ==


{|class="wikitable"
=== General Noun Affixes ===
!Purpose
 
!English
These are affixes which can be used on any word for which the semantic relation makes sense.
!German
 
!Latin
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;"
!French
!style="width:5em;"|Affix
!Esperanto
!style="width:6em;"|Applied to
!Old Tri.
!style="width:40%;"|Purpose
!Example
|-
|'''-ãzh'''
|Verbs
|Manifestation of the verb
|'''brøden''' "embroider" →<br>'''brødãzh''' "embroidery"
|-
|'''-er'''
|Verbs
|Agent of the verb
|'''dixen''' "speak" →<br>'''dixer''' "speaker"
|-
|'''-ica'''
|Nouns, Verbs
|The subject or field of interest; the collection of things pertaining to
|'''herold''' "herald" →<br>'''heroldica''' "heraldry"
|-
|'''-ide'''
|Verbs
|Patient/object of the verb
|'''vocen''' "to call" →<br>'''vocide''' "the person/thing called"
|-
|'''-ist'''
|Nouns, Verbs
|Profession, vocation
|'''luden''' "to play" →<br>'''ludist''' "professional player"
|-
|'''-kin'''
|Nouns
|Young, offspring
|'''cän''' "dog" →<br>'''cänkin''' "puppy"
|-
|'''-let'''
|Nouns
|Diminutive
|'''pådd''' "house" →<br>'''påddlet''' "small house, bungalow, cottage"
|-
|'''-log'''
|Nouns
|The study of
|'''aqua''' "water" →<br>'''aqualog''' "hydrology"
|-
|'''-løn'''
|Adjectives
|A person characterized by the adjective
|'''juvin''' "young" →<br>'''juvinløn''' "youngster"
|-
|'''-nes'''
|Adjectives
|State of being the adjective
|'''rod''' "red" →<br>'''rodnes''' "redness"
|-
|'''-schaf'''
|Nouns
|State of being
|'''könig''' "king" →<br>'''königschaf''' "kingship"
|-
|-
! Agent<br>(Who does the verb?)
| -er, -tor
| -er/in
| -tor/-trix<br>''(salvator, imperatrix)''
| -eur/-euse, -ier/e
| -anto<br>(''esperanto'', "one who hopes")
| -eur<br>''(administeur)''
|-
! Patient<br>(To whom is it done?)
| -ee<br>''(trainee)''
|
|
|
| -ato
|
|-
! State/condition<br>of doing it<br>or having it done
| -ment and others<br>''(amusement, astonishment)''
| -tum, -ung, -schaft
| -or<br>''(dolor, amor, timor, horror, clamor)''
| -ment et al
|
|
|  
|Verbs
|-
|Place where it is done<br>''English -arium, -ory; Portuguese -ário, French -oir(e); Latin -arium, -orium; Esperanto -ejo''
! Professional,<br>vocational,<br>philosophy<ref name="pro"/>
| -ist<br>''(typist, fascist, cyclist)''
| -ist<br>''(Kapitalist, Tourist)''
|
|
| -isto<br>''(instruisto, esperantisto)''
| -ist<br>''(diplomist, amanuist)''
|-  
! The action itself<br>or result of doing it
| -tion<br>''(retaliation, indignation)''
| -tum, -ung, -schaft, -sal
| -(t)io<br>''(deliberatio)''
| -tion et al
| Sometimes -er<br>''(pluvero)''
| Inconsistent; sometimes -at or -stanz<br>''(proponat, sagenstanz)''
|-
! Variously related<br>to the act
|
|
|
| -(t)ium, -tura<br>(''cultura, odium, ingenium, oblivium'')
|
|
|
|-
! Instrument for doing<br>or thing which does<br>the act
| -er, -tor<br>''(stapler, cutter, vibrator)''
| -er, -el, -zeug
| -men(tum), -(c)ulum, etc.<br>(''flumen, nomen, vinculum, impedimentum'')
| -oir<br>''(miroir, accoudoir)''
| -ilo
|
|-
! Place of doing<br>the act
|
|
|
| -oir<br>''(abbatoir, dortoir)''
| -ejo<br>''(lernejo)''
|
|-
|}
|}


<references>
=== Specialized Noun Affixes ===
<ref name="pro">This one is complicated.  In both German and English it can refer not just to a profession/vocation but also the adherent of a philosophy: ''fascist, Kapitalist''.  In Esperanto this usage is technically incorrect (''budhano'' rather than ''**budhisto'') but is widespread for some words anyhow (most notably ''esperantisto'').</ref>
</references>


=== From Other Nouns ===
These are affixes which are generally used only on certain topical categories of words.


{|class="wikitable"
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;"
!Purpose
!style="width:5em;"|Affix
!English
!style="width:6em;"|Applied to
!German
!style="width:40%;"|Purpose
!Latin
!Example
!French
!Esperanto
!Old Tri.
|-
|-
! Act, condition, characteristic
|rowspan="2"|'''-(a)n'''
| -(i)(t)y, -mony<br>''(authority, victory, patrimony)''
|rowspan="2"|Places
|
|Ethnonyms<br>''Note: Unlike in English usage, ethnonyms are not capitalized.''
| -(t)ium, -tas, -monium, -(t)ia<br>''(auctoritas, victoria, auspicium, patrimonium)''
|'''Kalmont''' → '''kalmontan'''
|  
|-
|
|For places ending in -a, only the '''-n''' is added.
|
|'''Triparia''' → '''triparian'''<br>'''Niava''' → '''niavan'''
|-
|'''-ät'''
|Position, office
|Reign, term in office
|'''könig''' "king" →<br>'''königät''' "period of reign as king"
|-
|rowspan="2"|'''-edze'''
|rowspan="2"|Titles of nobility
|Forms the title of the noble's consort
|'''graf''' "count" → '''grafedze''' "consort of a count"<br>'''baron''' "baron" → '''baronedze''' "consort of a baron"
|-
|-
! Place
|'''imperor''' "emperor" uses a contracted root for this.
| -arium
|'''imperor''' "emperor"<br>(root '''imper-''') → '''imperedze''' "emperor's consort"
|
| -arium<br>''(aerarium, tabularium)''
|
|
| -plåx<br>''(Schattenplåx)''<ref name="plax"/>
|-
|-
! Office
| -ate<br>''(principate, shogunate)''
| -at<br>''(Prinzipat, S(c)hogunat)''
| -atus<br>''(senatus, potentatus)''
|
|
|Roots for beliefs
|Adherents<br>
|
|
|
|-
! Diminutive
| -ling, -let, -kin<br>''(munchkin, hamlet, stripling)''
| -lein, -chen<br>''(Fräulein, Mädchen)''
| -ulus/a, -ellus/a, -culus/a, etc.<br>''(navicula, castellum)''
| -et/te
| -eto<br>''(dometo, knabeto)''
|
|-
|}
|}


<references>
== Adjective-forming ==
<ref name="plax">This is an independent word for "place", so arguably this is not a suffix but part of compounds.</ref>
</references>


=== From Adjectives ===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;"
 
!style="width:5em;"|Affix
{|class="wikitable"
!style="width:6em;"|Applied to
!Purpose
!style="width:40%;"|Purpose
!English
!Example
!German
|-
!Latin
|'''-ic'''
!French
|Nouns
!Esperanto
|General purpose conversion to adjective (for nouns not ending in '''-ic''' themselves)
!Old Tri.
|'''Triparia''' →<br>'''triparic''' "Triparian"
|-
|'''-al'''
|Nouns
|Converts nouns ending in '''-ic''' to adjectives
|'''music''' →<br>'''musical''' "musical"
|-
|'''-esc'''
|Nouns
|Similar to the noun
|'''Kalmont''' →<br>'''Kalmontesc''' "like Kalmont"
|-
|-
! Quality/Condition
|'''-in'''
| -tude, -ship, -ness
|Nouns
| -tät<br>''(Solidarität)''
|Made of
| -(t)ia, -tas, -tudo<br>''(tristitia, turpitudo, nobilitas)''
|'''aqua''' "water" →<br>'''aquin''' "made of water"
| -ité<br>''(virilité, réalité)''
| -eco<br>''(vireco, amikeco)''
|
|-
|-
|}
|'''-lãs'''
 
|Nouns
== Adjective-forming affixes ==
|Lacking
 
|'''tap''' "head" →<br>'''taplãs''' "headless"
=== From Verbs ===
 
{|class="wikitable"
!Purpose
!English
!German
!Latin
!French
!Esperanto
!Old Tri.
|-
|-
! Ongoing Condition
|'''-vol'''
| -bund, -cund
|Nouns
|
|Full of, having in abundance
| -bundus, -(c)undus<br>''(moribundus, fecundus)''
|'''chocolad''' "chocolate" →<br>'''chocoladvol''' "full of chocolate"
|
|
|
|-
|-
! State/Condition<ref name="idus"/>
|'''-isch'''
| -id
|Adjectives
|
|Similar to the base adjective, but not quite meeting the standard
| -idus<br>''(frigidus, timidus, pallidus)''
|'''rod''' "red" →<br>'''rodisch''' "reddish"
|
|
|
|-
|-
! Passive Capability
|'''-axe'''
| -ble, -tile
|Verbs
|
|Tendency to do the verb
| -(b)ilis, -tilis<br>''(nobilis, volatilis)''
|'''quiren''' "to ask" →<br>'''quiraxe''' "inquisitive"
|
|
|
|-
|-
! Tendency
|'''-eble'''
| -acious
|Verbs
|
|Able to be affected by the verb
| -ax<br>''(audax, tenax, mendax)''
|'''viden''' "to see" →<br>'''videble''' "visible"
|
|
|
|-
|-
|'''-ent'''
|Verbs
|Present participle
|'''dixen''' "to speak" →<br>'''dixent''' "speaking"
|}
|}


<references>
== Verb-forming ==
<ref name="idus">A lot of the Latin words of this type have nouns in '''-or''': ''timor, pallor,'' etc.</ref>
</references>


=== From Nouns ===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;"
 
!style="width:5em;"|Affix
{|class="wikitable"
!style="width:6em;"|Applied to
!Purpose
!style="width:40%;"|Purpose
!English
!Example
!German
!Latin
!French
!Esperanto
!Old Tri.
|-
! Fullness
| -ose, -ous, -ful
|
| -osus<br>''(bellicosus, religiosus)''
|
|
| -vol<br>''(fäþvol)''
|-
! Having
| -ous, -ate
| -haft<br>''(ehrenhaft, krankhaft)''
| -(a)tus<br>''(barbatus, togatus)''
|
|
|
|-
|-
! Composition/Quality
|Infinitive ending '''-en''' or other normal verb inflections
| -y, -ous
|Nouns
|
|Denominal verb: the action or event inherently linked to the noun
| -eus<br>''(argenteus, ferreus, consanguineus)''
|'''pådd''' "house" →<br>'''pådden''' "to house"
|
|
|
|-
|-
! Place pertaining to
|'''fe(r)-'''
| -ia
|Nouns, Adjectives
|
|Process of becoming the noun or adjective<br>''The -r- is used if the root begins with a vowel.''
| -anus/ia, -ensis<br>''(Brittania, Germania)''
|'''könig''' "king" →<br>'''fekönigen''' "enthrone"
|
| -ia, -ujo
|
|-
|-
! Pertaining/belonging
|'''düs-'''
| -al, -ic, -ian, -ly<br>''(paternal, manly, equestrian, acidic)''
|Verbs
|
|Gives the verb a negative or undesirable outcome
| -ter/tris, -alis, -aris<br>''(muralis, equester, militaris)''
|'''miscen''' "to mix" →<br>'''düsmiscen''' "to confuse, blur"
| -ique<br>''(cabalistique)''
|
| -ik<br>''(centrik, pengwinik)''
|-
|-
|'''er-'''
|Verbs
|Intensifies the verb; adds the sense of doing something utterly, completely, desperately, thoroughly, fiercely
|'''bŏzen''' "to drink socially, get buzzed or drunk" →<br>'''erbŏzen''' "to get completely hammered"<br>'''schöpen''' "to use, draw on" →<br>'''erschöpen''' "to drain, use up, exhaust"
|}
|}


== Verb-forming affixes ==
== Adverb-forming ==


=== From Nouns ===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;"
 
!style="width:5em;"|Affix
{|class="wikitable"
!style="width:6em;"|Applied to
!Purpose
!style="width:40%;"|Purpose
!English
!Example
!German
|-
!Latin
|rowspan="4"|'''-lic'''
!French
|rowspan="4"|Adjectives
!Esperanto
|Basic adverbial form of the adjective
!Old Tri.
|'''gross''' "large" →<br>'''grosslic''' "largely" (adv.)
|-
|-
! Denominatives
|For adjectives formed directly from nouns using the suffix '''-ic''', this suffix replaces the '''-ic''' rather than following it.
|
|'''viric''' "manly" (adj.) →<br>'''virlic''' "manly" (adv.)
|
| -are, -ere, etc.<br>''(pugnare, salvere)''
|
|
|
|-
|-
! Inceptives<br>(To begin the verb)
|Adjectives ending in '''-l''' just add '''-ic'''; those in '''-lic''' don't change at all.
|
|'''solic''' "only" (adj.) →<br>'''solic''' "only" (adv.)<br>'''häl''' "whole" (adj.) →<br>'''hälic''' "wholly" (adv.)
|
| -sco<br>''(irasco, ardesco, albesco)''
|
|
|
|-
|-
|Adjectives ending in a vowel drop it before adding '''-lic'''.
|'''alta''' "high" (adj.) →<br>'''altlic''' "highly" (adv.)
|}
|}
[[Category:Triparic workshop]]

Latest revision as of 00:58, 9 April 2018

Affixes are categorized according to the part of speech they produce.

Noun-forming

General Noun Affixes

These are affixes which can be used on any word for which the semantic relation makes sense.

Affix Applied to Purpose Example
-ãzh Verbs Manifestation of the verb brøden "embroider" →
brødãzh "embroidery"
-er Verbs Agent of the verb dixen "speak" →
dixer "speaker"
-ica Nouns, Verbs The subject or field of interest; the collection of things pertaining to herold "herald" →
heroldica "heraldry"
-ide Verbs Patient/object of the verb vocen "to call" →
vocide "the person/thing called"
-ist Nouns, Verbs Profession, vocation luden "to play" →
ludist "professional player"
-kin Nouns Young, offspring cän "dog" →
cänkin "puppy"
-let Nouns Diminutive pådd "house" →
påddlet "small house, bungalow, cottage"
-log Nouns The study of aqua "water" →
aqualog "hydrology"
-løn Adjectives A person characterized by the adjective juvin "young" →
juvinløn "youngster"
-nes Adjectives State of being the adjective rod "red" →
rodnes "redness"
-schaf Nouns State of being könig "king" →
königschaf "kingship"
Verbs Place where it is done
English -arium, -ory; Portuguese -ário, French -oir(e); Latin -arium, -orium; Esperanto -ejo

Specialized Noun Affixes

These are affixes which are generally used only on certain topical categories of words.

Affix Applied to Purpose Example
-(a)n Places Ethnonyms
Note: Unlike in English usage, ethnonyms are not capitalized. 		Kalmont → kalmontan
For places ending in -a, only the -n is added. Triparia → triparian
Niava → niavan
-ät Position, office Reign, term in office könig "king" →
königät "period of reign as king"
-edze Titles of nobility Forms the title of the noble's consort graf "count" → grafedze "consort of a count"
baron "baron" → baronedze "consort of a baron"
imperor "emperor" uses a contracted root for this. imperor "emperor"
(root imper-) → imperedze "emperor's consort"
Roots for beliefs Adherents

Adjective-forming

Affix Applied to Purpose Example
-ic Nouns General purpose conversion to adjective (for nouns not ending in -ic themselves) Triparia →
triparic "Triparian"
-al Nouns Converts nouns ending in -ic to adjectives music →
musical "musical"
-esc Nouns Similar to the noun Kalmont →
Kalmontesc "like Kalmont"
-in Nouns Made of aqua "water" →
aquin "made of water"
-lãs Nouns Lacking tap "head" →
taplãs "headless"
-vol Nouns Full of, having in abundance chocolad "chocolate" →
chocoladvol "full of chocolate"
-isch Adjectives Similar to the base adjective, but not quite meeting the standard rod "red" →
rodisch "reddish"
-axe Verbs Tendency to do the verb quiren "to ask" →
quiraxe "inquisitive"
-eble Verbs Able to be affected by the verb viden "to see" →
videble "visible"
-ent Verbs Present participle dixen "to speak" →
dixent "speaking"

Verb-forming

Affix Applied to Purpose Example
Infinitive ending -en or other normal verb inflections Nouns Denominal verb: the action or event inherently linked to the noun pådd "house" →
pådden "to house"
fe(r)- Nouns, Adjectives Process of becoming the noun or adjective
The -r- is used if the root begins with a vowel. 		könig "king" →
fekönigen "enthrone"
düs- Verbs Gives the verb a negative or undesirable outcome miscen "to mix" →
düsmiscen "to confuse, blur"
er- Verbs Intensifies the verb; adds the sense of doing something utterly, completely, desperately, thoroughly, fiercely bŏzen "to drink socially, get buzzed or drunk" →
erbŏzen "to get completely hammered"
schöpen "to use, draw on" →
erschöpen "to drain, use up, exhaust"

Adverb-forming

Affix Applied to Purpose Example
-lic Adjectives Basic adverbial form of the adjective gross "large" →
grosslic "largely" (adv.)
For adjectives formed directly from nouns using the suffix -ic, this suffix replaces the -ic rather than following it. viric "manly" (adj.) →
virlic "manly" (adv.)
Adjectives ending in -l just add -ic; those in -lic don't change at all. solic "only" (adj.) →
solic "only" (adv.)
häl "whole" (adj.) →
hälic "wholly" (adv.)
Adjectives ending in a vowel drop it before adding -lic. alta "high" (adj.) →
altlic "highly" (adv.)
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