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== Summary of 3S pronouns ==
#REDIRECT [[Triparic Grammar#Pronouns]]
 
The languages are in three broad groups: Romance, Cased Germanic, Oblique Germanic.  The Germanic representatives are those which distinguish accusative and dative (German, Luxembourgish) and those which have a single oblique case (English, Dutch, Afrikaans, Swedish, Danish, Plautdietsch).  In the two which distinguish, the ''dative'' versions rather than the accusatives are the ones which more closely match the oblique relatives.
 
There's an outlier or two in each group, but here's the big patterns:
 
'''He (masc nom):''' Romance '''il, el''', Germanic '''hV(n)'''.  (One outlier here is of note, German itself, which is '''er'''.  Even Luxembourgish fits the bigger pattern.)
 
'''She (fem nom):''' Romance '''ela''', Germanic '''SV''' (where S is one of the sibilants s, z, sh).
 
'''Him (masc acc):''' Romance varies more here, '''lV''' or '''V(l)'''.  Cased Germanic '''Vn''' (front vowels), differing from the nominatives.
 
'''Her (fem acc):''' Romance is almost entirely '''la'''.  Cased Germanic is '''si''', which ''matches'' the nominatives, contrasting with the masculines.
 
'''Him (masc oblique/dative):''' Germanic '''hVm'''
 
'''Her (fem oblique/dative):''' Germanic '''hVr'''
 
'''Him/her (dative):''' Romance '''lV''' (front vowels).  Only two of the representative languages distinguish gender in the dative, so call those outliers.
 
== Sources ==
 
=== Latin and Iberian Peninsula ===
 
{| class="wikitable"
!
! colspan="4" | Latin
!
! colspan="4" | Portuguese (Galician)
!
! colspan="4" | Spanish (Catalan)
|-
!
! Nom.
! Stressed.
! Acc.
! Dat.
!
! Nom.
! Stressed.
! Acc.
! Dat.
!
! Nom.
! Stressed.
! Acc.
! Dat.
|-
| I
| égo
| me/míhi
| me
| míhi/me
|
| eu
| mim (min)
| me
| me
|
| yo (jo)
| mí
| me
| me
|-
| you (sing.)
| tu
| te/tíbi
| te
| tíbi/te
|
| tu
| ti
| te
| te (che)
|
| tú
| ti
| te
| te
|-
| he
| ílle
| íllum
| íllum
| ílli/illíus
|
| ele
| ele (el)
| o
| lhe (lle)
|
| él (ell)
| él (ell)
| lo
| le (li)
|-
| she
| ílla
| íllam
| íllam
| ílli/illíus
|
| ela
| ela
| a
| lhe (lle)
|
| ella
| ella
| la
| le (li)
|-
| him/herself
| -
| se/síbi
| se
| síbi/se
|
| -
| si
| se
| se
|
| -
| sí
| se
| se
|-
| we
| nos
| nos
| nos
| nos
|
| nós<br>(nosoutros)
| nós
| nos
| nos
|
| nosotros<br>(nosaltres)
| nosotros<br>(nosaltres)
| nos
| nos
|-
| all of you
| vos
| vos
| vos
| vos
|
| vós<br>(vosoutros)
| vós
| vos
| vos
|
| vosotros<br>(vosaltres)
| vosotros<br>(vosaltres)
| os (vos)
| os (vos)
|-
| they
| íllos
| íllos
| íllos
| íllis<br>/illórum
|
| eles
| eles
| os
| lhes (lles)
|
| ellos (ells)
| ellos (ells)
| los
| les (lis)
|-
| they (all fem.)
| íllas
| íllas
| íllas
| íllis<br>/illárum
|
| elas
| elas
| as
| lhes (lles)
|
| ellas (elles)
| ellas (elles)
| las (les)
| les (lis)
|-
| theselves
| -
| se/síbi
| se
| síbi/se
|
| -
| si
| se
| se
|
| -
| sí
| se
| se
|}
 
=== Occitan, French, Rhaeto-Romance ===
 
{| class="wikitable"
!
! colspan="4" | Occitan
!
! colspan="4" | French
!
! colspan="4" | Rhaeto-Romansh
|-
!
! Nom
! Stressed
! Acc
! Dat
!
! Nom
! Stressed
! Acc
! Dat
!
! Nom
! Stressed
! Acc
! Dat
|-
| I
| ieu
| ieu
| me
| me
|
| je
| moi
| me
| me
|
| jau
| mai
| ma
| ma
|-
| you (sing.)
| tu
| tu
| te
| te
|
| tu
| toi
| te
| te
|
| ti
| tai
| ta
| ta
|-
| he
| el
| el
| lo
| li
|
| il
| lui
| le
| lui
|
| el
| el
| al
| al
|-
| she
| ela
| ela
| la
| li
|
| elle
| elle
| la
| lui
|
| ela
| ella
| la
| la
|-
| him/herself
| -
| se
| se
| se
|
| -
| soi
| se
| se
|
| -
| sai
| sa
| sa
|-
| we
| nosautres
| nosautres
| nos
| nos
|
| nous
| nous
| nous
| nous
|
| nus
| nus
| ans
| ans
|-
| all of you
| vosautres
| vosautres
| vos
| vos
|
| vous
| vous
| vous
| vous
|
| vus
| vus
| as
| as
|-
| they
| eles
| eles
| los
| lor
|
| ils
| eux
| les
| leur
|
| els
| els
| als
| als
|-
| they (all fem.)
| elas
| elas
| las
| lor
|
| elles
| elles
| les
| leur
|
| elas
| ellas
| las
| las
|-
| theselves
| -
| se
| se
| se
|
| -
| soi
| se
| se
|
| -
| sai
| sa
| sa
|}
 
=== Sardinian, Italian, Romanian ===
 
{| class="wikitable"
!
! colspan="4" | Sardinian
!
! colspan="4" | Italian
!
! colspan="4" | Romanian
|-
!
! Nom
! Stressed
! Acc
! Dat
!
! Nom
! Stressed
! Acc
! Dat
!
! Nom
! Stressed
! Acc
! Dat
|-
| I
| deo
| a mie
| mi
| mi
|
| io
| me
| mi
| mi
|
| eu
| mine
| mă
| îmi
|-
| you (sing.)
| tue
| a tie
| ti
| ti
|
| tu
| te
| ti
| ti
|
| tu
| tine
| te
| îți
|-
| he
| isse
| issu
| lu
| li
|
| lui
| lui
| lo
| gli
|
| el
| el
| îl
| îi
|-
| she
| issa
| issa
| la
| li
|
| lei
| lei
| la
| le
|
| ea
| ea
| o
| îi
|-
| him/herself
| -
| se
| si
| si
|
| -
| se
| si
| si
|
| -
| sine
| se
| își
|-
| we
| nois
| nois
| nos
| nos
|
| noi
| noi
| ci
| ci
|
| noi
| noi
| ne
| ne
|-
| all of you
| vois
| vois
| vos
| vos
|
| voi
| voi
| vi
| vi
|
| voi
| voi
| vă
| vă
|-
| they
| issos
| issos
| los
| lis
|
| loro
| loro
| li
| loro
|
| ei
| ei
| îi
| le
|-
| they (all fem.)
| issas
| issas
| las
| lis
|
| loro
| loro
| le
| loro
|
| ele
| ele
| le
| le
|-
| themselves
| -
| se
| si
| si
|
| -
| se
| si
| si
|
| -
| sine
| se
| își
|}
 
=== German, Dutch, Afrikaans ===
 
{| class="wikitable"
!
! colspan="4" | German
!
! colspan="3" | Dutch
!
! colspan="3" | Afrikaans
|-
!
! Nom
! Acc
! Dat
! Reflexive
!
! Nom
! Oblique
! Ref
!
! Nom
! Oblique
! Ref
|-
| I
| ich
| mich
| mir
| mich / mir
|
| ik ('k)
| mij (me)
| mij (me)
|
| ek
| my
| my
|-
| you (sing, inf)
| du
| dich
| dir
| dich / dir
|
| jij (je)
| jou (je)
| jou (je)
|
| jy
| jou
| jou
|-
| you (sing, for)
| Sie
| Sie
| Ihnen
| sich
|
| u
| u
| u / zich
|
| u
| u
| u
|-
| he
| er
| ihn
| ihm
| sich
|
| hij (ie)
| hem ('m)
| zich
|
| hy
| hom
| hom
|-
| she
| sie
| sie
| ihr
| sich
|
| zij (ze)
| haar (d'r/'r)
| zich
|
| sy
| haar
| haar
|-
| it (masc / common)
| er
| es
| ihm
| -
|
| hij (ie)
| het ('t)
| -
|
| dit
| dit
| -
|-
| it (fem / common)
| sie
| -
| -
| -
|
| zij (ze)
| -
| -
|
| dit
| -
| -
|-
| it (neuter)
| es
| -
| -
| -
|
| het ('t)
| -
| -
|
| dit
| -
| -
|-
| one
| man
| -
| -
| -
|
| men
| -
| -
|
| mens
| -
| -
|-
| we
| wir
| uns
| uns
| uns
|
| wij (we)
| ons
| ons
|
| ons
| ons
| ons
|-
| you (plur, inf)
| ihr
| euch
| euch
| euch
|
| jullie
| jullie (je)
| jullie (je)
|
| julle
| julle
| julle
|-
| you (plur, for)
| Sie
| Sie
| Ihnen
| sich
|
| u
| u
| u / zich
|
| u
| u
| u
|-
| they
| sie
| sie
| ihnen
| sich
|
| zij (ze)
| hen (ze)
| zich
|
| hulle
| hulle
| hulle
|}
 
=== Swedish, Danish, Luxembourgish ===
 
{| class="wikitable"
!
! colspan="3" | Swedish
!
! colspan="3" | Danish
!
! colspan="4" | Luxembourgish
|-
!
! Nom
! Oblique
! Ref
!
! Nom
! Obl
! Ref
!
! Nom
! Acc
! Dat
! Ref
|-
| I
| jag
| mig (mej)
| mig
|
| jeg
| mig
| mig
|
| ech
| mech
| mir
| mech
|-
| you (sing, inf)
| du
| dig (dej)
| dig
|
| du
| dig
| dig
|
| du
| dech
| dir
| dech
|-
| you (sing, for)
| ni
| er
| sig
|
| De
| Dem
| -
|
| Dir
| Iech
| Iech
| Iech
|-
| he
| han
| honom
| sig
|
| han
| ham
| sig
|
| hien
| en
| him
| sech
|-
| she
| hon
| henne
| sig
|
| hun
| hende
| sig
|
| si
| si
| hir
| sech
|-
| it (masc / common)
| den
| den / det
| -
|
| den
| den / det
| sig
|
| -
| -
| -
| -
|-
| it (fem / common)
| den
| -
| -
|
| den
| -
| -
|
| -
| -
| -
| -
|-
| it (neuter)
| det
| -
| -
|
| det
| -
| -
|
| et
| et
| him
| sech
|-
| one
| man
| -
| -
|
| man
| -
| -
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| we
| vi
| oss
| oss
|
| vi
| os
| os
|
| mir
| eis
| eis
| eis
|-
| you (plur, inf)
| ni
| er
| er
|
| I
| jer
| jer
|
| dir
| iech
| iech
| iech
|-
| you (plur, for)
| Ni
| Er
| er
|
| De
| Dem
| -
|
| -
| -
| -
| -
|-
| they
| de (dom)
| dem (dom)
| sig
|
| de
| dem
| sig
|
| si
| si
| hinnen
| sech
|}
 
=== Plautdietsch ===
 
Spoken by Mennonite communities in Canada and Latin America.
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!
! colspan="5" | '''Singular'''
! colspan="3" | '''Plural'''
|-
!Person
! 1st
! 2d
! 3d masc
! 3d fem
! 3d nt
! 1st
! 2d
! 3d
|-
| Nominative
| ekj
| du
| hee
| see
| rowspan="2" | daut (et)
| wie
| jie
| dee, see
|-
| Oblique
| rowspan="2" | mie
| rowspan="2" | die
| am
| ar (äa)
| rowspan="2" | ons
| rowspan="2" | junt (ju)
| an (äant)
|-
| Reflexive
| colspan="3" | sikj
| sikj
|-
|}
 
== Personal Pronouns ==
 
{|class="wikitable"
|-
|colspan="2"|
! Nominative
! Objective
! Possessive
|-
!colspan="2"|1. Sing.
|ego
|me
|me
|-
!colspan="2"|2. Sing.
|ðŏ
|ði
|ðæ
|-
!rowspan="4"|3. Sing.
! Masculine
|erre
|ri
|ris
|-
! Feminine
|esse
|szi
|szir
|-
! Epicene
|ex
|ex
|exes
|-
! Neuter
|id
|id
|ids
|-
!colspan="2"|1. Plur.
|nø
|nos
|ŏr
|-
!colspan="2"|2. Plur.
|vø
|vos
|vor
|-
!colspan="2"|3. Plur.
|eng
|enge
|engs
|-
|}
 
''These are all up for debate.''
 
== Other Pronouns ==
 
The reflexive pronoun is '''selb''', plural '''selbs'''. It may be used as nominative, for emphasis, or as objective, for reflexiveness:
 
'''Der König Selb ist hir!''' "The King Himself is here!"<br>
'''Eng libe selbs plä.''' "They love themselves most."
 
The relative pronoun is '''velk''':
 
'''Der mensch, velk esse libe, kenne ri.''' "The man whom she loves knows him."<br>
'''Der mensch, velk libe schi, kenne ri.''' "The man who loves her knows him."
 
''These are also up for debate.''
 
[[Category:Triparic]]

Latest revision as of 20:44, 7 April 2016

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