View source for Triparic Verbs

== Infinitive and Present Stem ==

{| class="wikitable floatright"
|-
!colspan="2" style="background:#dbe6f0"|''sagen'', "to say"
|-
!style="background:#f0c2c2"|Stem
|style="background:#f5d6d6"| sag-
|-
!colspan="2" style="background:#dbe6f0"|''tun'', "to do"
|-
!style="background:#f0c2c2"|Stem
|style="background:#f5d6d6"| tu-
|}

The infinitive of regular verbs, which is the form used for citation of the verb, ends in '''-en (or -er??)''' for most verbs, but '''-n''' (with a letter other than '''e''' before it) for a few.  Remove the '''-(e)n''' (r) and what is left is the ''stem''.

{{Clear}}

== Personal Endings ==
{| class="wikitable floatright" style="width: 40%;"
|-
! colspan="3" | Personal Endings
|-
! Person
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! 1st
| -e
| -am
|-
! 2nd
| -est
| -asch
|-
! 1st
| -et
| -ant
|}

Most inflected verbs are formed by taking a tense stem and adding the ''personal endings''.
{{Clear}}

== Simple Tenses ==
The present of regular verbs is formed by adding the personal endings directly to the verb stem.
The imperfect and future are formed by adding an extra syllable between the verb stem and the ending; '''-ad-''' for imperfect, '''-ar-''' for future.  In the plural forms, the personal ending's '''-a-''' fronts to '''-e-'''.
{| class="wikitable" 
|-
! colspan="5" style="background:#dbe6f0" |''sagen'' "to say"
|-
! Person
! Stem + ending
!Present
(tense stem ''sag-)''
!Imperfect
(tense stem ''sagad-)''
!Future
(tense stem ''sagar-'')
|-
| '''ego'''
| sag-<span style="color: green;">e</span>
|sage
|sagade
|sagare
|-
| <b>ðö</b>
| sag-<span style="color: green;">est</span>
|sagest
|sagadest
|sagarest
|-
| <b>ex</b>
| sag-<span style="color: green;">et</span>
|saget
|sagadet
|sagaret
|-
| '''wîn'''
| sag-<span style="color: green;">am</span>
|sagam
|sagadem
|sagarem
|-
| <b>voy</b>
| sag-<span style="color: green;">asch</span>
|sagasch
|sagadesch
|sagaresch
|-
| <b>enge</b>
| sag-<span style="color: green;">ant</span>
|sagant
|sagadent
|sagarent
|}

== Subjunctive ==
The subjunctive is formed by inserting an '''-i-''' before the personal ending (in the present) or replacing the '''-a-''' of the tense marker syllable with '''-i-''' (in past and future).

Note that the plural personal endings of the subjunctive all shift from '''-a-''' to '''-e-''', even in the present.
{| class="wikitable" 
|-
! colspan="4" style="background:#dbe6f0" |Subjunctive of ''sagen'' "to say"
|-
! Person
!Present
!Imperfect
!Future
|-
| '''ego'''
|sagie
|sagide
|sagire
|-
| <b>ðö</b>
|sagiest
|sagidest
|sagirest
|-
| <b>ex</b>
|sagiet
|sagidet
|sagiret
|-
| '''wîn'''
|sagiem
|sagidem
|sagirem
|-
| <b>voy</b>
|sagiesch
|sagidesch
|sagiresch
|-
| <b>enge</b>
|sagient
|sagident
|sagirent
|}

== Bits from Classical to review ==
The imperative of a verb is formed with the suffix '''-ã''': '''vivã''' "live!"

The present participle active of a verb is formed with the prefix '''ge'''- and the suffix '''-t''': '''Ego süm gestandet sur ðæ fuß'''. "I am standing on your foot."

The passive participle is formed with the prefix '''be'''- and the suffix '''-t''': '''Regas sant beschoxet bä mensches.''' "Laws are chosen by men."

The gerund is formed with the suffix -'''enty''': '''der scriventy''' "the writing [process]" ''but'' '''der scrivàt''' "the writing [that which is written]"

=== Irregular verbs ===
{|
!
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! colspan="3" style="background:#dbe6f0" |''eser'', "to be"
|-
! Person
! Present
! Past
|-
| '''ego'''
| süm
| war
|-
| <b>ðŏ</b>
| yrt
| wyrt
|-
| <b>ex</b>
| ist
| wat
|-
| '''wîn'''
| samo
| war
|-
| <b>voy</b>
| asch 
| vasch
|-
| <b>enge</b>
| sant
| vert
|}
!
!
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! colspan="3" style="background:#dbe6f0" |''haben'', "to have"
|-
! Person
! Present
! Past
|-
| '''ego'''
| habe
| hatte
|-
| <b>ðŏ</b>
| hast
| hattest
|-
| <b>ex</b>
| hat
| hatte
|-
| '''wîn'''
| haben
| hatten
|-
| <b>voy</b>
| habt
| hattet
|-
| <b>enge</b>
| haben
| hatten
|}
!
!
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! colspan="3" style="background:#dbe6f0" |''gen'', "to go"
|-
! Person
! Present
! Past
|-
| '''ego'''
| go
| gwen
|-
| <b>ðŏ</b>
| gast
| gwenst
|-
| <b>ex</b>
| gat
| gwent
|-
| '''wîn'''
| go
| gwen
|-
| <b>voy</b>
| gasch
| gwen
|-
| <b>enge</b>
| gent
| gwen
|}
|-
!
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! colspan="2" style="background:#dbe6f0" |''wilen'', future auxiliary
|-
| '''ego'''
| wil
|-
| <b>ðŏ</b>
| wilst
|-
| <b>ex</b>
| wilt
|-
| '''wîn'''
| wil
|-
| <b>voy</b>
| wil
|-
| <b>enge</b>
| wil
|}
!
!
!
!
|}

== Everything below here is from the revision ==

== Imperative ==

{| class="wikitable floatright" style="width: 40%;"
|-
!colspan="2" style="background:#dbe6f0"|''sagen'', "to say"
|-
!style="background:#f0c2c2"|Imperative
|style="background:#f5d6d6"| sag-<span style="color: green;">e</span>, sag<span style="color: green;">-asch</span>
|}

The imperative is formed simply by adding '''-e''' (singular) or '''-asch''' (plural) to the present stem:

'''Färe!''' "Make!"<br>'''Rigardasch!''' "(All of you) Look!"
{{clear}}

== Participles ==

{| class="wikitable floatright" style="width: 40%;"
|-
!colspan="2" style="background:#dbe6f0"|''sagen'', "to say"
|-
!style="background:#f0c2c2"|Present Participle
|style="background:#f5d6d6"| sag-<span style="color: green;">ent</span>
|-
!style="background:#f0c2c2"|Past Participle
|style="background:#f5d6d6"| <span style="color: blue;">ge</span>-sag-<span style="color: green;">et</span>
|-
!style="background:#f0c2c2"|Passive Participle
|style="background:#f5d6d6"| <span style="color: blue;">be</span>-sag-<span style="color: green;">et</span>
|}

Triparic verbs have three main participles: the present participle, the past participle, and the passive participle.

The present participle is the verb stem + '''-ent''': '''lesent, brødent'''.

The past participle is '''ge-''' + the verb stem + '''-et''': '''geleset, gebrødet'''.

The passive participle is '''be-''' + the verb stem + '''-et''': '''beleset, bebrødet'''.
{{clear}}

== Perfect tenses ==

The perfect tenses are formed by using the tenses of '''haben''' ("to have") with the past participle.  The present of '''haben''' forms the (present) perfect; the past, the past perfect (pluperfect); and the future, the future perfect.

The past participle in a perfect tense construction is placed after the inflected '''haben'''.

{| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%;" border="1"
|-
| Present Perfect (perfect)
| '''Der vir hat gescrivet zu der fem.'''
| The man has written to the woman.
|-
| Past Perfect (pluperfect)
| '''Der vir hadet gescrivet zu der fem.'''
| The man had written to the woman.
|-
| Future Perfect
| '''Der vir habret gescrivet zu der fem.'''
| The man shall have written to the woman.
|}

== Passive Voice ==

The passive voice is formed by using the tenses of '''sän''' ("to be") with the passive participle.  The present, past, and future of '''sän''' form the simple present, past, and future passive.

For the passive perfect tenses, one uses the tenses of '''haben''' with the past participle of '''sän''' and the passive participle of the main verb.

{|class="wikitable" style="width: 100%;"
|Present
| '''Der chocolad ist bedeziret bä der vir.'''
|The chocolate is desired by the man.
|-
|Past
| '''Der chocolad wart bedeziret bä der vir.'''
|The chocolate was desired by the man.
|-
|Future
| '''Der chocolad sert bedeziret bä der vir.'''
|The chocolate will be desired by the man.
|-
|Perfect
| '''Der chocolad hat gewaret bedeziret bä der vir.'''
|The chocolate has been desired by the man.
|-
|Pluperfect
| '''Der chocolad hadet gewaret bedeziret bä der vir.'''
|The chocolate had been desired by the man.
|-
|Future Perfect
| '''Der chocolad habret gewaret bedeziret bä der vir.'''
|The chocolate shall have been desired by the man.
|-
|}

== Irregular Verbs ==

{|
|style="vertical-align:top;" |
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
!colspan="5" style="background:#dbe6f0"|''sän'', "to be"
|-
! Person
! Present
! Past
! Future
! Subjunctive
|-
| <b>ia</b>
| son
| ware
| sere
| säðe
|-
| <b>ðŏ</b>
| yrt
| warst
| serst
| säðest
|-
| <b>ei</b>
| ist
| wart
| sert
| säðet
|-
| <b>nø</b>
| sam
| waram
| seram
| säðam
|-
| <b>vø</b>
| sasch 
| warasch
| serasch
| säðasch
|-
| <b>eng</b>
| sant
| warant
| serant
| säðant
|-
!colspan="3" style="background:#f0c2c2"|Imperative
|colspan="2" style="background:#f5d6d6"| sä, säsch
|-
!colspan="3" style="background:#f0c2c2"|Past Participle
|colspan="2" style="background:#f5d6d6"| gewaret
|-
!colspan="3" style="background:#f0c2c2"|Passive Participle
|colspan="2" style="background:#f5d6d6"| ''no passive form''
|}
| style="border:7px solid transparent;" |
|style="vertical-align:top;" |
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
!colspan="5" style="background:#dbe6f0"|''haben'', "to have"
|-
! Person
! Present
! Past
! Future
! Subjunctive
|-
| <b>ia</b>
| habe
| hade
| habre
| haðe
|-
| <b>ðŏ</b>
| hast
| hadest
| habrest
| haðest
|-
| <b>ei</b>
| hat
| hadet
| habret
| haðet
|-
| <b>nø</b>
| habam
| hadam
| habram
| haðam
|-
| <b>vø</b>
| hasch
| hadasch
| habrasch
| haðasch
|-
| <b>eng</b>
| hant
| hadant
| habrant
| haðant
|-
!colspan="3" style="background:#f0c2c2"|Imperative
|colspan="2" style="background:#f5d6d6"| habe, habasch
|-
!colspan="3" style="background:#f0c2c2"|Past Participle
|colspan="2" style="background:#f5d6d6"| gehadet
|-
!colspan="3" style="background:#f0c2c2"|Passive Participle
|colspan="2" style="background:#f5d6d6"| behabet
|}
|}

== Modal and Catenative Verbs ==

In addition to the tense auxiliaries, there are verbs known as ''modal'' verbs which specify the modality of the main verb: do you ''want'' to do the thing?  ''Must'' you do the thing? ''Can'' you?

Additionally, there are verbs which can stand alone, or can be linked with other main verbs to give a more complex meaning.  In English, these are called ''catenative'' verbs.  An example would be ''I '''tried to help''' them.''  Another would be ''I '''plan to go''' to the concert.''

In German, there are six modal verbs which behave slightly differently, grammatically, than other catenative verbs.  French, English, and Triparic do not treat their modals differently, but it is still convenient to list the Triparic counterparts of the six German modals, as they are quite commonly used.

{|class="wikitable"
!style="width:10em;"|English
!style="width:10em;"|Triparic
!style="width:10em;"|English
!style="width:10em;"|Triparic
|-
|may, be allowed to
|mogen
|can, be able to
|possen
|-
|must, have to
|deven
|should, ought to
|sollen
|-
|like to
|løken
|want to
|diziren
|}

The difference between '''løken''' and '''diziren''' is like in English: one may ''like to'' do something but not want to do it at a particular moment, or vice versa, one may want to do something one does not generally like.

Each of these verbs is used by inflecting the modal and placing the infinitive of the main verb after it: '''Ia løke vaden zu Kalmont.''' "I like to go to [[Kalmont]]." '''Nø devam laboren hir.''' "We must work here."

== Compound Verbs and Word Order ==

You could combine modals, the perfect tenses, the passive voice, and catenative verbs to create some very complicated ideas: ''They had been allowed to try to help him.  They were not able to plan to leave before Wednesday.''

The rule in Triparic for determining word order in such complex situations is not too difficult to state, once you distinguish between a ''finite'' verb (one which takes a personal ending) and a ''non-finite'' verb (one which takes no personal ending, that is, an infinitive or participle).

The rule is then:

<blockquote>
The finite verb occupies the second place in the clause, followed by all the non-finite verbs in the order of their semantic importance, from least significant to most significant.
</blockquote>

=== Examples ===

==== Modal plus chain of infinitives ====

In the complicated example ''They had been allowed to try to help him,'' the order of the clause is determined thus:

# First, we know that the words will be:
#* '''eng''' (they)
#* '''hadant''' (had, 3rd person plural)
#* '''gedurfet''' (to be allowed, past participle, since we are saying ''had been allowed'', so this is the past perfect tense of '''durfen''')
#* '''proben''' (to try)
#* '''helfen''' (to help)
#* and '''erm''' (him).
# Next, we identify the finite verb and put it in second place.  The finite verb is the one marked for the person, so it is '''hadasch'''  The sentence is now '''... hadant ...'''
# Next, we gather up all the other verbs and put them in order of their semantic importance.
#* '''proben''' and '''helfen''' are linked as a chain, like catenative verbs in English, so they will go together as a pair: '''proben helfen'''.
#* '''gedurfet''' is the verb that is left, and it is describing the mode (being allowed) of the main activity (trying to help).  Therefore it is less important than the main activity, and is placed before it, so that the main activity comes last, at the end of the sentence, where it carries more impact.
# Therefore the set of all the non-finite verbs, in order, is '''gedurfet proben helfen'''.  The non-finite verbs come after the finite verb. The sentence is now ''' ... hadant gedurfet proben helfen ...'''
# Finally, all that's left are the subject and the direct object, and in a declarative sentence, the subject occupies the slot before the verb, so we can now finish: '''Eng hadant gedurfet proben helfen erm.'''

Another way to think through the order is to start with the finite verb and ask questions:

"They ''had.''" Had ''what?''<br>
"Had ''been allowed.''" Had been allowed ''what?''<br>
"Had been allowed ''to try.''" Had been allowed to try ''what?''<br>
"Had been allowed to try ''to help.''"  Done: '''hadant gedurfet proben helfen.'''

==== Passive perfect tense with a modal ====

Let's look at another example, a future perfect passive with a modal verb:

''The man shall have been allowed to be seen by the king.''

# Our components are '''der vir''' (the man), '''bä der könig''' (by the king), and the verbs around them.  And we know that '''der vir''' is the subject, so we know all of the sentence except the second slot (the verbs).
#* '''Der vir ... bä der könig.'''
# We know that the finite verb is going to be 3rd person singular, since the subject of the sentence is ''the man''.
# Since the sentence is going to be future perfect, the finite verb is, in particular, the 3rd person singular future of '''haben: habret.'''
#* '''Der vir habret ... bä der könig.'''
# Now we ask: "The man shall have ''what?''" The immediate answer is "been allowed."  That is the past participle of '''durfen.'''
#* '''Der vir habret gedurfet ... bä der könig.'''
# "Shall have been allowed ''what?''" The answer is "To be seen".  That's the passive voice.  So we know the next piece is '''sän''' ("to be"), and the final piece must be the passive participle of '''viden''', which is '''bevidet''' ("seen").
#* '''Der vir habret gedurfet sän bevidet bä der könig.'''

[[Category:Triparic language]]